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Shield or not to Shield: Effects of Solar Radiation on Water Temperature Sensor Accuracy

机译：是否屏蔽：太阳辐射对水温传感器精度的影响

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Temperature sensors are potentially susceptible to errors due to heating by solar radiation. Although this is well known for air temperature (Ta), significance to continuous water temperature (Tw) monitoring is relatively untested. This paper assesses radiative errors by comparing measurements of exposed and shielded Tinytag sensors under indirect and direct solar radiation, and in laboratory experiments under controlled, artificial light. In shallow, still-water and under direct solar radiation, measurement discrepancies between exposed and shielded sensors averaged 0.4 °C but can reach 1.6 °C. Around 0.3 °C of this inconsistency is explained by variance in measurement accuracy between sensors; the remainder is attributed to solar radiation. Discrepancies were found to increase with light intensity, but to attain Tw differences in excess of 0.5 °C requires direct, bright solar radiation (400 W m−2 in the total spectrum). Under laboratory conditions, radiative errors are an order of magnitude lower when thermistors are placed in flowing water (even at velocities as low as 0.1 m s−1). Radiative errors were also modest relative to the discrepancy between different thermistor manufacturers. Based on these controlled experiments, a set of guidelines are recommended for deploying thermistor arrays in water bodies.
机译：由于太阳辐射加热，温度传感器可能容易出错。尽管这对于空气温度（Ta）来说是众所周知的，但对于连续水温（Tw）监测的重要性尚未得到测试。本文通过比较暴露和屏蔽的Tinytag传感器在间接和直接太阳辐射下以及在实验室实验中在受控人造光下的测量结果来评估辐射误差。在浅水，静止水和直接太阳辐射下，裸露和屏蔽的传感器之间的测量差异平均为0.4°C，但可以达到1.6°C。传感器之间的测量精度差异可以解释这种不一致性的约0.3°C。其余部分归因于太阳辐射。发现差异随光强度而增加，但要达到Tw差异超过0.5°C，则需要直接，明亮的太阳辐射（总光谱中> 400 W m -2 ）。在实验室条件下，将热敏电阻放置在流水中时，即使在低至0.1 m s -1 的速度下，辐射误差也要低一个数量级。相对于不同热敏电阻制造商之间的差异，辐射误差也较小。基于这些受控实验，建议使用一组准则在水体中部署热敏电阻阵列。

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