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Hydrological Modeling of Highly Glacierized Basins (Andes, Alps, and Central Asia)

机译：高冰川盆地（安第斯山脉，阿尔卑斯山和中亚）的水文模拟

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The Soil and Water Assessment Tool (SWAT) was used to simulate five glacierized river basins that are global in coverage and vary in climate. The river basins included the Narayani (Nepal), Vakhsh (Central Asia), Rhone (Switzerland), Mendoza (Central Andes, Argentina), and Central Dry Andes (Chile), with a total area of 85,000 km 2 . A modified SWAT snow algorithm was applied in order to consider spatial variation of associated snowmelt/accumulation by elevation band across each subbasin. In previous studies, melt rates varied as a function of elevation because of an air temperature gradient while the snow parameters were constant throughout the entire basin. A major improvement of the new snow algorithm is the separation of the glaciers from seasonal snow based on their characteristics. Two SWAT snow algorithms were evaluated in simulation of monthly runoff from the glaciered watersheds: (1) the snow parameters are lumped (constant throughout the entire basin) and (2) the snow parameters are spatially variable based on elevation bands of a subbasin (modified snow algorithm). Applying the distributed SWAT snow algorithm improved the model performance in simulation of monthly runoff with snow-glacial regime, so that mean RSR decreased to 0.49 from 0.55 and NSE increased to 0.75 from 0.69. Improvement of model performance was negligible in simulations of monthly runoff from the basins with a monsoon runoff regime.
机译：土壤和水评估工具（SWAT）用于模拟五个冰川覆盖的流域，这些流域覆盖全球且气候变化。流域包括纳拉亚尼（尼泊尔），瓦赫什（中亚），罗纳（瑞士），门多萨（安地斯中部，阿根廷）和安德鲁斯中部地区（智利），总面积85,000 km 2。为了考虑每个子流域的高程带，考虑了相关的融雪/积雪的空间变化，应用了一种改进的SWAT雪算法。在以前的研究中，由于气温梯度，融化速率随海拔变化而变化，而整个盆地的降雪参数却是恒定的。新的降雪算法的一项重大改进是根据其特征将冰川与季节性降雪分离。在模拟冰川河流域每月径流过程中，评估了两种SWAT降雪算法：（1）积雪参数集总（整个流域恒定），（2）积雪参数在空间上基于子流域的高程带而变化（已修改）雪算法）。应用分布式SWAT雪算法提高了冰雪条件下月径流模拟的模型性能，因此平均RSR从0.55降至0.49，NSE从0.69降至0.75。在模拟季风径流情况下流域每月径流方面，模型性能的改善可忽略不计。

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