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Dynamics of Water Vapor Content around Isolated Sprinklers: Description and Validation of Model

机译：孤立喷头周围水汽含量的动力学：模型的描述和验证

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Irrigation consumes considerable water to satisfy the current food demand. An improvement in water use efficiency for irrigation is essential. Wind drift and evaporation losses reduce the water use efficiency of center pivot irrigation systems in arid and semi-arid areas. In this paper, a model of water vapor dynamics during and after overhead sprinkler irrigation was developed and validated by experimental data using a center pivot simulator and a water vapor measuring system. The model was represented as an exponential equation during irrigation and a logistic equation after irrigation. The water vapor dynamics measured next to and 2 m from the sprinkler were well-fitted with the developed model. Model performance was good according to evaluations of the Nash—Sutcliffe efficiency coefficient, with values of 0.961 and 0.934 for estimations next to the sprinkler and 2 m from the sprinkler, respectively. Results showed that both modeled and observed water vapor dynamics increased rapidly as irrigation started, and then leveled off to maximum values. After irrigation, the water vapor dynamics started to decrease gradually, and eventually decreased rapidly. The decreasing rate stopped when the water vapor content was restored to the level of the surrounding atmosphere. The model parameters showed that the maximum increases in water vapor content were from 2.506 to 6.476 g m ?3 for the area next to the sprinkler, and 1.277 to 3.380 g m ?3 for the area 2 m from the sprinkler, under the influence of vapor pressure deficits. The increasing and decreasing rates of the dynamics during and after irrigation were influenced by temperature, relative humidity, and vapor pressure deficits, according to Pearson’s correlations. A period of 2.3 to 4.0 h was required to restore water vapor to the atmospheric level.
机译：灌溉需要消耗大量水才能满足当前的粮食需求。灌溉用水效率的提高至关重要。风漂移和蒸发损失降低了干旱和半干旱地区中心枢纽灌溉系统的用水效率。在本文中，建立了顶置喷灌期间和之后的水蒸气动力学模型，并使用中心枢轴模拟器和水蒸气测量系统通过实验数据进行了验证。该模型表示为灌溉期间的指数方程和灌溉后的对数方程。在喷头附近和距喷头2 m处测量的水蒸气动力学与开发的模型非常吻合。根据Nash-Sutcliffe效率系数的评估，模型性能良好，分别在喷头附近和喷头附近2 m处的估计值分别为0.961和0.934。结果表明，随着灌溉的开始，模拟和观察到的水蒸气动力学迅速增加，然后趋于最大值。灌溉后，水蒸气动力学开始逐渐下降，并最终迅速下降。当水蒸气含量恢复到周围大气水平时，下降速度停止。模型参数表明，在水蒸气压力的影响下，洒水喷头附近区域的水蒸气含量最大增加量从2.506增至6.476 gm？3，而距洒水器2 m的区域水蒸气含量的最大增加量为1.277至3.380 gm？3赤字。根据皮尔森的相关性，灌溉期间和灌溉之后动力学的增减速率受温度，相对湿度和蒸汽压差的影响。需要2.3到4.0小时的时间才能将水蒸气恢复到大气水平。

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