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Characterization of hydro chemistry and groundwater quality evaluation for drinking purpose in Adigrat area, Tigray, northern Ethiopia

机译：埃塞俄比亚北部提格里阿迪格拉特地区用于饮用水目的的水化学特征和地下水质量评估

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This paper assesses the chemistry of groundwater and evaluate its quality for drinking purpose using water quality index (WQI) approach and comparing to WHO and Ethiopia water quality standards in Adigrat area in Tigray, northern Ethiopia. Chemical composition of the groundwater in the area varies widely depending on the human activities. A total of 22 depth integrated groundwater samples were collected from 13 boreholes, 4 shallow, 4 hand-dug wells in addition to 1 reservoir, using purposive sampling technique. These samples were analyzed for physico-chemical parameters which include cations (Sodium, Potassium, Calcium, Magnesium, Iron, Manganese, Chromium, copper and Ammonia), anions (Fluoride, Chlorine, Nitrate, Nitrite, Bicarbonate, Sulphate and Phosphate) and other parameters (total hardness, hardness as calcium carbonate, Alkalinity pH, electrical conductivity, Total Dissolved solids) as well as physical parameters (turbidity, true color, odor and taste), were assessed to evaluate the groundwater quality for drinking.The groundwater is suitable for drinking purpose with respect to pH, EC, TDS and CaCO3hardness as well as physical parameters (turbidity, true color, odor and taste). However, total hardness, iron, calcium, magnesium and chromium, the groundwater needs water treatment for quality adjustment. It is also suitable for drinking purpose taking into account all anionic concentrations (SO4?2, PO4?2, NO3?2, NO2?, Cl?, F?and HCO3?). Generally, the cations, anions and the chemical parameters (total hardness, Calcium hardness, Alkalinity pH, electrical conductivity, Total Dissolved solids), are high around the town and old waste disposal sites as well as in cultivated agricultural fields where point and non-source of domestic, factories as well as fertilizers beside the nature sources.With respect to water quality index, 95.45% of the samples indicate that, the groundwater is classified under excellent where as 4.55% of the samples reflect the groundwater is poor and unsuitable class as far water quality index is concerned. According to water quality index guideline (Chaterjee and Raziuddin, 2002), the groundwater is suitable for drinking use generally with some restrictions. The objectionable groundwater is restricted around the town with main of contaminants domestic and factories wastes. The hydrochemical data reveal that the groundwater of the study area consists of six hydrochemical facies, (Ca–Mg–HCO3–SO4, Ca–SO4–HCO3, Mg–Ca–SO4–HCO3, Ca–Mg–SO4–HCO3, Mg–Ca–HCO3–SO4and Ca–HCO3–SO4).
机译：本文评估水的化学性质，并使用水质指数（WQI）方法评估饮用水的质量，并与埃塞俄比亚北部提格雷的阿迪格拉特地区的WHO和埃塞俄比亚水质标准进行比较。该地区地下水的化学组成因人类活动而异。使用目的性采样技术，除了1个水库外，还从13个井眼，4个浅井，4个手挖井中收集了22个深度综合地下水样本。分析了这些样品的理化参数，包括阳离子（钠，钾，钙，镁，铁，锰，铬，铜和氨），阴离子（氟，氯，硝酸盐，亚硝酸盐，碳酸氢盐，硫酸盐和磷酸盐）和其他评估参数（总硬度，碳酸钙硬度，碱度pH，电导率，总溶解固体）以及物理参数（浊度，真实颜色，气味和味道）以评估饮用水的地下水质量。 pH，EC，TDS和CaCO3硬度以及物理参数（浊度，本色，气味和味道）用于饮用。但是，由于总硬度，铁，钙，镁和铬的含量，地下水需要进行水处理以调节质量。考虑到所有阴离子浓度（SO4？2，PO4？2，NO3？2，NO2？，Cl？，F？和HCO3？），它也适合饮用。通常，城镇，旧废物处理场以及点和非垃圾场的耕作农业领域中的阳离子，阴离子和化学参数（总硬度，钙硬度，碱度pH，电导率，总溶解固体）很高。除水质指数外，有95.45％的样本表明地下水水质为优，其中4.55％的样本反映了地下水差且不适合。就水质指数而言。根据水质指数指南（Chaterjee和Raziuddin，2002），地下水一般适合饮用，但有一些限制。有害的地下水被限制在城镇周围，主要污染物为家庭和工厂废物。水化学数据表明，研究区的地下水由六个水化学相组成（Ca–Mg–HCO3-SO4，Ca–SO4–HCO3，Mg–Ca–SO4–HCO3，Ca–Mg–SO4–HCO3，Mg– Ca–HCO3-SO4和Ca–HCO3-SO4）。

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