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Seasonal Variations in the Morphological and Functional Development of Girls and Boys Aged 14-15

机译：14-15岁男孩和女孩的形态和功能发育的季节性变化

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Purpose. During a biological year one can observe the effects of seasonal change on the number of functions and processes in the human organism. The rhythmical seasonal changes of a year are directly connected with a number of the functions of the human body. In humans, the first six months of a year are characterized by increased sympathetic nervous activity, while the next six months are characterized by increased parasympathetic nervous activity. As such, both somatic and motoric changes lead to periods of either high or low physical efficiency. The aim of this study was to assess what changes occur in the morphological and functional development of 14-15 year-old girls and boys across an entire year. Methods. The study of the seasonality of motoric fitness described herein was of a longitudinal character and was conducted five times, with a three-month interval between each study (1 - June, 2 - September, 3 - December, 4 - March, 5 - June) during 2004-2005. The study was conducted at the No. 1 and No. 7 Lower Secondary Schools in Opole, Poland, where 452 students (216 girls and 236 boys) participated in the study. Results. The results of this study found that there are two phases of increased levels of physical efficiency, which are particularly pronounced in March and June. From the results of this study as well as from results obtained from other available studies, it was found that the transition periods between seasons, especially during the transition between the first and second half of the year, are particularly unfavourable to the human organism. Having assessed these particular periods of the year (on the basis of a participant's training load), it seems necessary to emphasize that this transition is the most pronounced between the autumn and winter seasons. Significant seasonal changes were found in the general metabolism of the body, which is the most visible in regards to somatic development. An increase in the body's height and weight among teenagers starts abruptly in the spring season, reaches its peak in the summer, then it decreases in the autumn season and goes up again in winter. The study shows that from April till September a build-up of tissues occurs in the human organism, while from October till March the body stabilizes and uses its accumulated reserves. In the spring, the human body regenerates its central nervous system as it is influenced by sun and warmth and produces particular substances which function as links in the energetic and regenerative processes of nerve tissue. Conclusion. Seasonal changeability in the human organism leads to differences in levels of physical fitness. It is necessary to emphasize the character of seasonal changes on the physical fitness of boys and girls at the age of puberty. Through analysing intersexual variability of motoric skills it is possible to determine the exact direction of these differences. In tests that measured hand movement as well as body agility and flexibility, the female subjects achieved better results, particularly after the winter season. In regards to the scores achieved in the remaining Eurofit tests, the male subjects were at the forefront when compared to the females. On the basis of the research material presented in this article, it is claimed that the seasonal rhythm of the physical efficiency of the human body is also reflected in changes of motoric fitness. Thus, it can be considered appropriate to continue studies in this field in order to understand all and any phenomena and regularities.
机译：目的。在一个生物年中，人们可以观察到季节变化对人类机体功能和过程数量的影响。一年的节律性季节性变化与人体的许多功能直接相关。在人类中，一年的前六个月的特征是交感神经活动增加，而接下来的六个月的特征是副交感神经活动增加。因此，身体变化和运动变化都会导致高或低物理效率时期。这项研究的目的是评估整年中14-15岁男孩和女孩的形态和功能发展发生了什么变化。方法。本文所述的运动适应性季节性研究为纵向研究，进行了五次，每次研究之间间隔三个月（1-6月，2-9月，3-12月，4-3月，5-6月） ）在2004-2005年期间。这项研究是在波兰奥波莱（Opole）的第一和第七初中进行的，其中452名学生（216名女孩和236名男孩）参加了该研究。结果。这项研究的结果发现，提高身体效率有两个阶段，在3月和6月尤为明显。从该研究的结果以及从其他现有研究获得的结果，发现季节之间的过渡期，特别是在今年上半年和下半年之间的过渡期间，对人类有机体特别不利。在评估了一年中的这些特定时期后（根据参与者的培训负荷），似乎有必要强调指出，这种过渡在秋季和冬季之间最为明显。在人体的总体代谢中发现了明显的季节性变化，这在体细胞发育方面最为明显。青少年的身高和体重增加在春季突然开始，在夏天达到峰值，然后在秋季下降，在冬天再次上升。研究表明，从四月到九月，人体有机体会堆积组织，而从十月到三月，人体会稳定并利用其积累的储备。在春季，人体受到太阳和温暖的影响，使中枢神经系统再生，并产生特殊的物质，这些物质在神经组织的能量和再生过程中起着联系的作用。结论。人类有机体的季节性变化导致身体健康水平的差异。有必要强调青春期男孩和女孩身体健康的季节性变化特征。通过分析运动技能的两性变异，可以确定这些差异的确切方向。在测量手部运动以及身体敏捷性和柔韧性的测试中，女性受试者取得了更好的结果，尤其是在冬季之后。关于在其余的Eurofit测试中获得的成绩，与女性相比，男性科目位居前列。根据本文提供的研究材料，据称人体物理效率的季节性节律也反映在运动适应性的变化中。因此，可以认为继续进行该领域的研究以了解所有以及任何现象和规律性是适当的。

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