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Biomechanical Analysis of Ankle during the Stance Phase of Gait on Various Surfaces: A Literature Review

机译：步态站立状态下各个表面踝关节的生物力学分析：文献综述

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The purpose of this article is to review the literature that deals with the biomechanical analysis of the ankle during gait stance phase on slopes, on uneven and rock surfaces, on sand, and on grass surfaces, as well as to present the observed differences. Methods. The literature was searched in the databases of PubMed and Google Scholar, for the years of 2005–2015. The keywords were: biomechanics, gait analysis, ankle joint, stance phase, uphill walking, downhill walking, sand surface, uneven surface, grass surface, and ballast. Results. The kinetic and kinematic gait behaviour is directly influenced by the surface on which it is being performed. The uphill or downhill surfaces, the surfaces of stone, sand, grass, and uneven surfaces have a direct impact on the biomechanics on joints of the lower limb, changing the energy cost, muscle activation, the resulting mechanical work, ground reaction forces and balance, and the parameters of the gait cycle. All these changes are raising many questions about the safety and comfort of these surfaces. In the structures of the foot, ankle and lower leg high compressive and rotational forces are transmitted resulting in injuries in these regions. Conclusions. Each surface has its own advantages and disadvantages, changing the biomechanics of the lower extremity and particularly the ankle. According to the purpose that one wants to achieve they can choose a suitable surface. To prevent injuries and falls, we must choose shoes that fit well, are comfortable with cushioning, and have a feeling neither too hard nor too soft, with laces and low collar.
机译：本文的目的是回顾有关在步态站立阶段在斜坡，不平坦和岩石表面，沙子和草表面上对脚踝进行生物力学分析的文献，并提出观察到的差异。方法。在PubMed和Google Scholar的数据库中搜索了2005-2015年的文献。关键字是：生物力学，步态分析，踝关节，站立阶段，上坡行走，下坡行走，沙面，不平坦表面，草皮表面和压载物。结果。运动和运动步态行为直接受到执行步态的影响。上坡或下坡的表面，石头，沙子，草的表面以及不平坦的表面都会直接影响下肢关节的生物力学，从而改变能量消耗，肌肉活化，产生的机械功，地面反作用力和平衡，以及步态周期的参数。所有这些变化引发了有关这些表面的安全性和舒适性的许多问题。在脚，脚踝和小腿的结构中，传递了很高的压力和旋转力，导致这些区域受伤。结论。每个表面都有其自身的优缺点，从而改变了下肢，尤其是脚踝的生物力学。根据人们想要达到的目的，他们可以选择合适的表面。为防止受伤和摔倒，我们必须选择合适的鞋子，并要舒适缓震，并且既要感觉又不太硬，又太软，并且系上鞋带和低领。

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