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首页> 外文期刊>Journal of Economics and Sustainable Development >The Moral Values as the Foundation for Sustainable Community Development: A Review of the Indonesia Government-Sponsored National Program for Community Empowerment Urban Self Reliance Project (PNPM MP)
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The Moral Values as the Foundation for Sustainable Community Development: A Review of the Indonesia Government-Sponsored National Program for Community Empowerment Urban Self Reliance Project (PNPM MP)

机译：道德价值观作为社区可持续发展的基础：印度尼西亚政府赞助的国家社区授权城市计划城市自立项目（PNPM MP）的回顾

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As corrective measures to the previous program, Indonesia government launched Urban Poverty Alleviation Program (Program Penanggulangan Kemiskinan di Perkotaan / P2KP) in 1999. This national pilot project then inaugurated as an umbrella program for the entire government-sponsored community development program in 2007, namely National Program for Community Empowerment Urban Reliance (Program Nasional Pemberdayaan Masyarakat Mandiri Perkotaan / PNPM MP). Contrary to the earlier programs, it views people as the subject and the main actor their community development. This “people know best their own affairs” development approach considers that the poverty crises rest in their individual ethical and spiritual values. The diminishing moral values such as integrity, honesty, care for other, volunteerism, justice among individual community members are the root cause of the poverty problems. PNPM contends that community empowerment is essentially moral reinforcement movement by community in which they organize and manage their affairs for the sole purpose of their own enhancement in all walks of life. To accomplish it, they have to establish and maintain cordial relationship among themselves first and then to stretch out to join collaborations with government agencies, private corporate and other stakeholders as equal partner in the spirit of reciprocal respect. This necessitates that moral values promotion at individual life level have been secured. As facilitators intensively counsel community learning at every PNPM community empowerment phases, this ethical values development will gradually spread at community level. By so doing, it will not only safeguard those social collaborations but also will guarantee sustainable development. In order for this moral reinforcement movement to occur, PNPM intervene community development by means of true human empowerment through an intensive facilitator-guided community learning in which they engage in reflective focus group dialogue to reach critical consciousness which then lead to their attitude and behavior change. This community learning process is best illustrated in the entire PNPM cycle of community empowerment phases which consists of Community Consensus for PNPM Acceptance, Poverty Reflective Focus Group Discussion, Community Self Mapping, Community Board of Trustee Based Organization, Middle-Term Poverty Alleviation Action Plan Document, Community Based Organizing Committee, Partnership with Local Government on Pro-Poor Development Program Synergy, Program Implementation and Monitoring, and Program Evaluation. Those cycle of PNPM Community empowerment phases involve learning process in which they learn the social livelihood principles or good governance tenets, and the moral values which eventually bring about their behavior alteration. This article tries to explicate what is the core concept of PNPM and how the program’s essential concept along with its procedures being implemented within day to day operation by community members. Keywords: Community Empowerment, The Spiritually based Development, Community Learning, Moral Values, Critical Consciousness.
机译：作为对先前计划的纠正措施，印度尼西亚政府于1999年启动了城市扶贫计划（Penanggulangan Kemiskinan di Perkotaan / P2KP计划）。此国家试点项目于2007年作为整个政府支持的社区发展计划的总体计划启动，即国家社区赋权城市计划（国家Pemberdayaan Masyarakat Mandiri Perkotaan计划/ PNPM MP）。与早期的计划相反，它把人们视为社区发展的主体和主要参与者。这种“人们最了解自己的事务”的发展方法认为，贫困危机在于其个人的道德和精神价值观。个体社区成员之间正直，诚实，对他人的照顾，志愿服务和正义等道德价值观的下降是贫困问题的根源。 PNPM认为，社区赋权本质上是社区的道德强化运动，他们在社区中组织和管理事务，其唯一目的是增强各行各业。为了实现这一目标，他们必须本着相互尊重的精神，首先在彼此之间建立和保持亲密关系，然后再扩展以与政府机构，私人公司和其他利益相关者作为平等伙伴的合作。这就必须确保在个人生活水平上提升道德价值观。随着主持人在每个PNPM社区赋权阶段都对社区学习进行密集的咨询，这种道德价值观的发展将逐渐在社区层面传播。这样，它将不仅维护这些社会合作，而且将保证可持续发展。为了开展这种道德强化运动，PNPM通过强化的引导者指导的社区学习，通过真正的人类赋权干预社区发展，在这种学习中，他们参与反思性焦点小组对话以达到批判意识，然后导致他们的态度和行为改变。在整个社区赋权阶段的PNPM周期中，可以最好地说明这一社区学习过程，包括PNPM接受的社区共识，贫困反思小组讨论，社区自我映射，基于受托人的组织的社区委员会，中期扶贫行动计划文件，以社区为基础的组织委员会，在扶贫开发计划协同，计划实施和监督以及计划评估方面与地方政府建立伙伴关系。 PNPM社区赋权阶段的周期涉及学习过程，在此过程中，他们学习社会生计原则或善治原则以及最终导致其行为改变的道德价值观。本文试图说明PNPM的核心概念是什么，以及社区成员在日常操作中如何实施该计划的基本概念及其程序。关键字：社区授权，精神发展，社区学习，道德价值观，批判意识。

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