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首页> 外文期刊>Journal of Geography and Geology >Mapped Fractures and Sinkholes in the Coastal Plain of Florida and Georgia to Infer Environmental Impacts from Aquifer Storage and Recovery (ASR) and Supply Wells in the Regional Karst Floridan Aquifer System
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Mapped Fractures and Sinkholes in the Coastal Plain of Florida and Georgia to Infer Environmental Impacts from Aquifer Storage and Recovery (ASR) and Supply Wells in the Regional Karst Floridan Aquifer System

机译：佛罗里达州和佐治亚州沿海平原的映射裂缝和污水池，可推断佛罗里达州岩溶含水层系统中的含水层存储和恢复（ASR）和供应井对环境的影响

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The regional Floridan aquifer system (FAS) extends from the submerged carbonate platform of the Atlantic Ocean, Gulf of Mexico, and Straits of Florida in the southeastern United States (US), throughout Florida and the coastal plain of Alabama, Georgia, and South Carolina. This carbonate aquifer system is characterized by bedding planes, fractures, dissolution cavities, and other karst features that result in preferential flow of ground water, particularly in response to anthropogenic perturbations such as groundwater withdrawals and aquifer injections. The FAS was divided into six sub-regions for groundwater-modeling purposes in 1989, with results concluding that breaches of those groundwater divides had occurred and those breaches were attributed to large withdrawals of ground water in the US southeastern coastal plain. Those results suggest the model did not elucidate preferential flow conditions through fractures and other karst conduits. We hypothesized that incorporating fractures and sinkholes into groundwater models could improve results and predict adverse impacts to environmentally sensitive areas. We analyzed extensive fracture networks and sinkholes previously mapped throughout Florida and in Dougherty County, Georgia. Some of those fractures extend from one sub-region into an adjacent sub-region of the FAS and may be facilitating the breaching of groundwater divides described in the 1989 groundwater model for this regional aquifer system. The greater total fractures and fracture density in Dougherty County (1,225 and 141.3/100 km2, respectively) compared to 21 north-Florida counties (10-91fractures per county and 0.6-3.8/100 km2, respectively) presumably is due to the scale of fracture mapping and shorter mean lengths of mapped fractures in Dougherty County (1.2 km), compared to north Florida counties (26-118 km), rather than to orders of magnitude increases in fracture densities in that part of the FAS. The number of sinkholes identified in Dougherty County in a recent, unrelated project using 2011 Advanced Spaceborne Thermal Emission and Reflection Radiometer (ASTER) images, was approximately an order of magnitude greater than the number of sinkholes mapped in analog form in that county and published in 1986. Extension of the dense network of those fractures that occurred within the boundaries of a Priority Amphibian and Reptile Conservation Area (PARCA) that encompassed Dougherty County covered the Elmodel Wildlife Management Area (WMA) and ASR demonstration well in Baker County, Georgia. Those extensions also passed through numerous agricultural areas with center-pivot irrigation wells in southwest Georgia; intersected other Georgia PARCAs near the Florida-Georgia state line; and clumped in two areas of dense sinkhole clusters in northwest Florida. No determination has been made regarding the contributions of pirated water from the Apalachicola-Chattahoochee-Flint (ACF) River Basins and Wakulla Springshed from the magnitude and extent of agricultural, municipal, and industrial groundwater withdrawals in Georgia’s coastal plain, that exceed groundwater withdrawals in Florida for that area of the FAS, to the increase in sinkholes in Dougherty County and the dense clusters of sinkholes in northwest Florida, via preferential flow through fractures. Similarly, the survival and recovery of at least 24 animal species in Georgia that are either federally listed or high-priority state species may be jeopardized by adverse direct, indirect, and cumulative impacts from preferential flow through fractures, sinkholes, and other karst conduits in response to aquifer injections and withdrawals that have not been evaluated. Currently no regional groundwater model has been constructed to evaluate such preferential groundwater flow in the FAS. A model incorporating preferential flow via mapped fractures and sinkholes is essential to determine the magnitude and extent of environmental impacts from ASR wells and other supply and d
机译：佛罗里达州的区域含水层系统（FAS）从美国东南部的大西洋，墨西哥湾和佛罗里达海峡的水下碳酸盐岩平台延伸，遍及佛罗里达州以及阿拉巴马州，乔治亚州和南卡罗来纳州的沿海平原。这种碳酸盐含水层系统的特征是层理平面，裂缝，溶蚀腔和其他喀斯特地貌，导致地下水优先流动，特别是对人为扰动（例如地下水抽取和含水层注入）的响应。 1989年，FAS出于建模地下水的目的将其划分为六个子区域，结果得出结论，违反了这些地下水划分标准，并且这些违反规则归因于美国东南沿海平原的大量地下水抽取。这些结果表明该模型没有阐明通过裂缝和其他岩溶导管的优先流动条件。我们假设将裂缝和塌陷纳入地下水模型可以改善结果并预测对环境敏感区域的不利影响。我们分析了以前遍布佛罗里达州和佐治亚州多格蒂县的广泛的裂缝网络和下陷。这些裂缝中有一些从FAS的一个子区域延伸到相邻的子区域，并且可能促进了该区域含水层系统的1989年地下水模型中所述的地下水划分的破坏。与21个北佛罗里达县（每个县分别有10-91个断层和0.6-3.8 / 100 km2的断层）相比，Dougherty县的总裂缝和裂缝密度更大（分别为1,225和141.3 / 100 km2）。与佛罗里达州北部的县（26-118公里）相比，道尔蒂县（1.2 km）的断层图和平均断层长度较短（1.2-km），而不是FAS那部分的断层密度增加了几个数量级。最近在一个不相关的项目中，使用2011年先进的星载热发射和反射辐射计（ASTER）图像在Dougherty县确定的污水坑数量，比该县以模拟形式绘制并发布在该县的污水坑数量大约高出一个数量级。 1986年。这些裂缝的密集网络扩展到优先级两栖动物和爬行动物保护区（PARCA）的范围之内，该地区包括Dougherty县，覆盖了佐治亚州贝克县的Elmodel野生动物管理区（WMA）和ASR示范井。这些扩展还穿越了佐治亚州西南部的许多农业领域，均设有中心枢轴的灌溉井。在佛罗里达州-乔治亚州州际线附近相交了其他乔治亚州PARCA;并聚集在佛罗里达州西北部两个密集的污水坑簇区域。格鲁吉亚沿海平原的农业，市政和工业地下水抽取的规模和程度，都无法确定Apalachicola-Chattahoochee-Flint（ACF）流域和Wakulla Springshed的盗版水的贡献，超过了该州的地下水抽取。在FAS的那个地区，佛罗里达州通过优先流经裂缝，增加了Dougherty县的陷井和佛罗里达州西北部密集的陷坑群。同样，在佐治亚州至少有24种动物物种的生存和恢复，可能会受到优先流经裂缝，塌陷和其他岩溶管道的不利的直接，间接和累积影响，从而危害到联邦列出的或高度优先的州物种。对尚未评估的含水层注入和抽取的响应。目前，尚未建立区域地下水模型来评估FAS中的此类优先地下水流量。对于确定ASR井以及其他供应和d对环境的影响的大小和程度而言，通过映射的裂缝和井眼结合优先流动的模型至关重要。

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