The study examined the health and safety knowledge and compliance of building construction workers on site in Anambra State, Nigeria. Questionnaires containing information relating to health and safety at site were administered randomly to the construction workers selected from fifteen (15) selected building sites across the state. Mean Score Index and Pearson’s Product-moment Correlation Coefficient(r) were statistical tools used for analysis of results. The result revealed that there was moderate level of health and safety knowledge, and low level of health and safety compliance among building construction workers in the state. It also found that the effect of the health and safety knowledge and compliance on project performance was low. The result established a very weak positive correlation (r=0.19) between health and safety knowledge and compliance. It further established a strong positive correlation between health and safety knowledge and project performance (r=0.71); and between health and safety compliance and project performance (r=0.76). However, when the significance of the correlation was tested, the t-values obtained were (0.335), (1.746) and (2.025) respectively. From the result, all the t-values were less than the t-critical (3.182) at 5% significance level. The result implied that though there were relationships between all the variables considered, the relationships were not significant. Practically, this meant that health and safety knowledge and compliance alone cannot substantially improve the project performance, but was limited to the values of their coefficient of determination (R2) 50.41% and 57.76% respectively. Thus, since knowledge and compliance alone cannot achieve optimum project performance improvement, some other factors such as management commitment, workers involvement and strict enforcement of safety regulation should be applied to complement. In this case, establishment of the Anambra State Safety Commission whose function would include inter alia; policy formulation, setting of safety standard for all sectors in the state is of paramount important.
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