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首页> 外文期刊>BMC Genomics >Genomic and physiological responses to strong selective pressure during late organogenesis: few gene expression changes found despite striking morphological differences
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Genomic and physiological responses to strong selective pressure during late organogenesis: few gene expression changes found despite striking morphological differences

机译：在晚期器官发生过程中对强选择压力的基因组和生理反应：尽管形态差异惊人，但几乎没有发现基因表达变化

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Background Adaptations to a new environment, such as a polluted one, often involve large modifications of the existing phenotypes. Changes in gene expression and regulation during critical developmental stages may explain these phenotypic changes. Embryos from a population of the teleost fish, Fundulus heteroclitus, inhabiting a clean estuary do not survive when exposed to sediment extract from a site highly contaminated with polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) while embryos derived from a population inhabiting a PAH polluted estuary are remarkably resistant to the polluted sediment extract. We exposed embryos from these two populations to surrogate model PAHs and analyzed changes in gene expression, morphology, and cardiac physiology in order to better understand sensitivity and adaptive resistance mechanisms mediating PAH exposure during development. Results The synergistic effects of two model PAHs, an aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AHR) agonist (β-naphthoflavone) and a cytochrome P4501A (CYP1A) inhibitor (α-naphthoflavone), caused significant developmental delays, impaired cardiac function, severe morphological alterations and failure to hatch, leading to the deaths of reference embryos; resistant embryos were mostly unaffected. Unexpectedly, patterns of gene expression among normal and moderately deformed embryos were similar, and only severely deformed embryos showed a contrasting pattern of gene expression. Given the drastic morphological differences between reference and resistant embryos, a surprisingly low percentage of genes, 2.24% of 6,754 analyzed, show statistically significant differences in transcript levels during late organogenesis between the two embryo populations. Conclusions Our study demonstrates important contrasts in responses between reference and resistant natural embryo populations to synergistic effects of surrogate model PAHs that may be important in adaptive mechanisms mediating PAH effects during fish embryo development. These results suggest that statistically significant changes in gene expression of relatively few genes contribute to the phenotypic changes and large morphological differences exhibited by reference and resistant populations upon exposure to PAH pollutants. By correlating cardiac physiology and morphology with changes in gene expression patterns of reference and resistant embryos, we provide additional evidence for acquired resistance among embryos whose parents live at heavily contaminated sites.
机译：背景技术适应新环境，例如污染的环境，通常需要对现有表型进行大量修改。在关键发育阶段基因表达和调控的变化可能解释了这些表型变化。居住在河口干净的硬骨鱼类（Fundulus heteroclitus）的胚胎在暴露于高度污染了多环芳烃（PAHs）的地点的沉积物提取物中时无法生存，而来自居住在PAH污染河口的种群的胚胎则具有明显的抗性污染的沉积物提取物。我们将这两个种群的胚胎暴露于替代模型的PAHs中，并分析了基因表达，形态和心脏生理的变化，以便更好地理解在发育过程中介导PAH暴露的敏感性和适应性耐药机制。结果两种模型PAH的协同作用是芳烃受体（AHR）激动剂（β-萘黄酮）和细胞色素P4501A（CYP1A）抑制剂（α-萘黄酮），导致显着的发育延迟，心脏功能受损，严重的形态改变和衰竭孵化，导致参考胚胎死亡;抗性胚胎大多不受影响。出乎意料的是，正常和中度变形的胚胎之间的基因表达模式相似，只有严重变形的胚胎才显示出相反的基因表达模式。考虑到参考和抗性胚胎之间形态上的巨大差异，令人惊讶的低百分比基因（分析的6,754中的2.24％）在两个胚胎种群之间的晚期器官发生过程中显示出转录水平的统计学差异。结论我们的研究表明参考和抗性自然胚胎种群对替代模型PAHs协同效应的反应存在重要的对比，这在鱼胚胎发育过程中介导PAH效应的适应性机制中可能很重要。这些结果表明，相对较少的基因的基因表达在统计学上的显着变化有助于表型的变化，而参考人群和耐药人群在暴露于PAH污染物后表现出较大的形态差异。通过将心脏生理学和形态学与参考和抗性胚胎的基因表达模式的变化相关联，我们为父母生活在严重污染地点的胚胎中的获得性抗性提供了额外的证据。

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