Among 309 male patients, those who had heavily consumed betel and tobacco were more likely than nonchewers (OR=2.91; 95% CI=1.36–6.25) and nonsmokers (OR=2.49; 95% CI=1.02–6.08) to develop cancer in the upper and middle third of the oesophagus, respectively; the effects of alcohol did not dominate in any third.
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