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Density of the Waterborne Parasite Ceratomyxa shasta and Its Biological Effects on Salmon

机译：水性寄生虫Ceratomyxa shasta的密度及其对鲑鱼的生物学效应

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The myxozoan parasite Ceratomyxa shasta is a significant pathogen of juvenile salmonids in the Pacific Northwest of North America and is limiting recovery of Chinook ( Oncorhynchus tshawytscha ) and coho ( O. kisutch ) salmon populations in the Klamath River. We conducted a 5-year monitoring program that comprised concurrent sentinel fish exposures and water sampling across 212 river kilometers of the Klamath River. We used percent mortality and degree-days to death to measure disease severity in fish. We analyzed water samples using quantitative PCR and Sanger sequencing, to determine total parasite density and relative abundance of C. shasta genotypes, which differ in their pathogenicity to salmonids. We detected the parasite throughout the study zone, but parasite density and genetic composition fluctuated spatially and temporally. Chinook and coho mortality increased with density of their specific parasite genotype, but mortality-density thresholds and time to death differed. A lethality threshold of 40% mortality was reached with 10 spores liter~(?1) for Chinook but only 5 spores liter~(?1) for coho. Parasite density did not affect degree-days to death for Chinook but was negatively correlated for coho, and there was wider variation among coho individuals. These differences likely reflect the different life histories and genetic heterogeneity of the salmon populations. Direct quantification of the density of host-specific parasite genotypes in water samples offers a management tool for predicting host population-level impacts.
机译：粘虫寄生虫Ceratomyxa shasta是北美西北太平洋地区少年鲑科鱼类的重要病原体，它限制了克拉马斯河中奇努克（Oncorhynchus tshawytscha）和银鹭（O. kisutch）鲑鱼种群的恢复。我们进行了一项为期5年的监控计划，其中包括并发哨兵鱼的暴露以及对克拉马斯河212河公里的水采样。我们使用死亡率百分比和死亡天数来衡量鱼的疾病严重程度。我们使用定量PCR和Sanger测序分析了水样品，以确定总寄生虫密度和C. shasta基因型的相对丰度，这些基因型对鲑鱼的致病性不同。我们在整个研究区中都检测到了寄生虫，但是寄生虫的密度和遗传成分在空间和时间上都有所波动。契努克族和银大麻哈鱼的死亡率随着其特定寄生虫基因型密度的增加而增加，但是死亡率密度阈值和死亡时间有所不同。契努克族的致死阈值为40致死率，其中奇努克族10孢子升（？1），而银大麻酚只有5孢子升（？1）。契努克族的寄生虫密度不影响死亡日数，但与银大麻酚负相关，并且银大麻酚个体之间的差异更大。这些差异可能反映了鲑鱼种群的不同生活史和遗传异质性。对水样中宿主特异性寄生虫基因型密度的直接量化提供了一种用于预测宿主种群水平影响的管理工具。

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