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Ammonia Inactivation of Ascaris Ova in Ecological Compost by Using Urine and Ash

机译：尿灰分灭活生态堆肥中A虫卵的氨气

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Viable ova of Ascaris lumbricoides , an indicator organism for pathogens, are frequently found in feces-derived compost produced from ecological toilets, demonstrating that threshold levels of time, temperature, pH, and moisture content for pathogen inactivation are not routinely met. Previous studies have determined that NH_(3) has ovicidal properties for pathogens, including Ascaris ova. This research attempted to achieve Ascaris inactivation via NH_(3) under environmental conditions commonly found in ecological toilets and using materials universally available in an ecological sanitation setting, including compost (feces and sawdust), urine, and ash. Compost mixed with stored urine and ash produced the most rapid inactivation, with significant inactivation observed after 2 weeks and with a time to 99% ovum inactivation ( T _(99)) of 8 weeks. Compost mixed with fresh urine and ash achieved a T _(99) of 15 weeks, after a 4-week lag phase. Both matrices had relatively high total-ammonia concentrations and pH values of >9.24 (pK_(a) of ammonia). In compost mixed with ash only, and in compost mixed with fresh urine only, inactivation was observed after an 11-week lag phase. These matrices contained NH_(3) concentrations of 164 to 173 and 102 to 277 mg/liter, respectively, when inactivation occurred, which was below the previously hypothesized threshold for inactivation (280 mg/liter), suggesting that a lower threshold NH_(3) concentration may be possible with a longer contact time. Other significant results include the hydrolysis of urea to ammonia between pH values of 10.4 and 11.6, above the literature threshold pH of 10.
机译：在生态厕所生产的粪便衍生的堆肥中经常发现A虫（一种病原体指示生物）的活卵子，这表明通常无法满足灭活病原体的时间，温度，pH和水分含量的阈值水平。先前的研究已经确定NH_（3）对包括卵形A虫在内的病原体具有杀卵特性。这项研究试图在生态厕所常见的环境条件下，并使用生态环境中普遍可用的材料，包括堆肥（粪便和锯末），尿液和灰分，通过NH_（3）使A虫灭活。堆肥与储存的尿液和灰烬混合产生最快的灭活作用，在2周后观察到明显的灭活作用，并在8周内达到99％卵子灭活的时间（T _（99））。经过4周的滞后阶段后，混合了新鲜尿液和灰分的堆肥的T_（99）为15周。两种基质均具有相对较高的总氨浓度，且pH值> 9.24（氨的pK_（a））。在仅与灰烬混合的堆肥中以及仅与新鲜尿液混合的堆肥中，在11周的滞后阶段后观察到失活。发生灭活时，这些基质的NH_（3）浓度分别为164至173和102至277 mg / L，低于先前假定的灭活阈值（280 mg / L），表明NH_（3）的阈值较低）可能需要更长的接触时间才能集中注意力。其他重要结果包括尿素水解为氨水，pH值在10.4和11.6之间，高于文献阈值pH 10。

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