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首页> 外文期刊>Applied Microbiology >The Indoor Fungus Cladosporium halotolerans Survives Humidity Dynamics Markedly Better than Aspergillus niger and Penicillium rubens despite Less Growth at Lowered Steady-State Water Activity
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The Indoor Fungus Cladosporium halotolerans Survives Humidity Dynamics Markedly Better than Aspergillus niger and Penicillium rubens despite Less Growth at Lowered Steady-State Water Activity

机译：室内真菌Cladosporium halotolerans在湿度动态变化方面的生存能力明显优于黑曲霉和青霉，尽管在较低的稳态水分活度下生长较慢

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Indoor fungi cause damage in houses and are a potential threat to human health. Indoor fungal growth requires water, for which the terms water activity (a_(w)) and relative humidity (RH) are used. The ability of the fungi Aspergillus niger , Cladosporium halotolerans , and Penicillium rubens at different developmental stages to survive changes in a_(w) dynamics was studied. Fungi grown on media with high a_(w) were transferred to a controlled environment with low RH and incubated for 1 week. Growth of all developmental stages was halted during incubation at RHs below 75%, while growth continued at 84% RH. Swollen conidia, germlings, and microcolonies of A. niger and P. rubens could not reinitiate growth when retransferred from an RH below 75% to a medium with high a_(w). All developmental stages of C. halotolerans showed growth after retransfer from 75% RH. Dormant conidia survived retransfer to medium with high a_(w) in all cases. In addition, retransfer from 84% RH to medium with high a_(w) resulted in burst hyphal tips for Aspergillus and Penicillium . Cell damage of hyphae of these fungi after incubation at 75% RH was already visible after 2 h, as observed by staining with the fluorescent dye TOTO-1. Thus, C. halotolerans is more resistant to a_(w) dynamics than A. niger and P. rubens , despite its limited growth compared to that of these fungi at a lowered steady-state a_(w). The survival strategy of this phylloplane fungus in response to the dynamics of a_(w) is discussed in relation to its morphology as studied by cryo-scanning electron microscopy (cryo-SEM).IMPORTANCE Indoor fungi cause structural and cosmetic damage in houses and are a potential threat to human health. Growth depends on water, which is available only at certain periods of the day (e.g., during cooking or showering). Knowing why fungi can or cannot survive indoors is important for finding novel ways of prevention. Until now, the ability of fungi to grow on media with little available water at steady state (unchanging conditions) has been important for evaluating whether a fungus can grow indoors. In the present study, we found that the fungus Cladosporium halotolerans , a common indoor fungus, is more resistant to changes in available water than the fungi Aspergillus niger and Penicillium rubens , despite the fact that the latter fungi can grow on media with low water availability. We concluded that the ability of fungi to deal with changes in humidity is at least as important as the ability to grow on low-water media.
机译：室内真菌会对房屋造成破坏，并可能对人类健康构成威胁。室内真菌的生长需要水，为此需要使用水分活度（a_（w））和相对湿度（RH）。研究了黑曲霉，黑孢梭菌和红青霉在不同发育阶段对a_（w）动态变化的生存能力。将生长在高a_（w）培养基上的真菌转移到低RH的受控环境中，并孵育1周。在低于75％的相对湿度下孵育期间，所有发育阶段的生长都停止了，而相对湿度为84％时继续生长。从相对湿度低于75％的RH重新转移到a_（w）较高的培养基中时，黑曲霉和红假单胞菌的分生孢子，幼苗和小菌落无法重新开始生长。卤代梭菌的所有发育阶段均显示从75％RH转移后生长。在所有情况下，休眠分生孢子都可以存活并转移到具有高a_（w）的培养基中。此外，从84％RH到高a_（w）的培养基的再转移导致了曲霉菌和青霉菌的菌丝尖破裂。通过荧光染料TOTO-1染色观察到，在75％RH下温育后，这些真菌的菌丝对细胞的损害已经在2小时后可见。因此，尽管在较低的稳态a_（w）下与这些真菌相比其生长有限，但是卤代梭菌比黑曲霉和红假单胞菌对a_（w）的动力学更有抵抗力。通过冷冻扫描电子显微镜（cryo-SEM）研究了针对a_（w）动力学的叶平面真菌的存活策略及其形态，讨论了室内真菌对房屋和建筑物造成的结构和外观破坏。对人类健康的潜在威胁。生长取决于水，水仅在一天的某些时段（例如，在烹饪或淋浴期间）可用。了解真菌为何能在室内生存或无法生存对于寻找新的预防方法很重要。迄今为止，真菌在稳定状态（不变条件）下在可用水很少的培养基上生长的能力对于评估真菌是否可以在室内生长非常重要。在本研究中，我们发现一种常见的室内真菌，即Cladosporium halotolerans真菌，比黑曲霉和红色青霉更能抵抗可用水的变化，尽管事实上后者可以在水分利用率低的培养基上生长。 。我们得出的结论是，真菌应对湿度变化的能力至少与在低水介质中生长的能力一样重要。

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