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Ammonia Disinfection of Hatchery Waste for Elimination of Single-Stranded RNA Viruses

机译：孵化场废料的氨气消毒，以消除单链RNA病毒

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Hatchery waste, an animal by-product of the poultry industry, needs sanitation treatment before further use as fertilizer or as a substrate in biogas or composting plants, owing to the potential presence of opportunistic pathogens, including zoonotic viruses. Effective sanitation is also important in viral epizootic outbreaks and as a routine, ensuring high hygiene standards on farms. This study examined the use of ammonia at different concentrations and temperatures to disinfect hatchery waste. Inactivation kinetics of high-pathogenic avian influenza virus H7N1 and low-pathogenic avian influenza virus H5N3, as representatives of notifiable avian viral diseases, were determined in spiked hatchery waste. Bovine parainfluenza virus type 3, feline coronavirus, and feline calicivirus were used as models for other important avian pathogens, such as Newcastle disease virus, infectious bronchitis virus, and avian hepatitis E virus. Bacteriophage MS2 was also monitored as a stable indicator. Coronavirus was the most sensitive virus, with decimal reduction ( D ) values of 1.2 and 0.63 h after addition of 0.5% (wt/wt) ammonia at 14 and 25°C, respectively. Under similar conditions, high-pathogenic avian influenza H7N1 was the most resistant, with D values of 3.0 and 1.4 h. MS2 was more resistant than the viruses to all treatments and proved to be a suitable indicator of viral inactivation. The results indicate that ammonia treatment of hatchery waste is efficient in inactivating enveloped and naked single-stranded RNA viruses. Based on the D values and confidence intervals obtained, guidelines for treatment were proposed, and one was successfully validated at full scale at a hatchery, with MS2 added to hatchery waste.
机译：孵化场废物是家禽业的动物副产品，由于可能存在机会病原体（包括人畜共患病毒），因此需要进行卫生处理，然后再用作肥料或用作沼气或堆肥厂的基质。有效的卫生措施对于病毒性流行病暴发也很重要，并且作为日常工作，可确保农场的高卫生标准。这项研究检查了使用不同浓度和温度的氨水来消毒孵化场废物的方法。在加标的孵化场废物中确定了高致病性禽流感病毒H7N1和低致病性禽流感病毒H5N3的失活动​​力学，可作为应报告的禽病毒疾病的代表。牛副流感病毒3型，猫冠状病毒和猫杯状病毒被用作其他重要禽病原体的模型，例如新堡病病毒，传染性支气管炎病毒和禽戊型肝炎病毒。噬菌体MS2也被监测为稳定指标。冠状病毒是最敏感的病毒，分别在14和25°C下添加0.5％（wt / wt）的氨水后，其十进制还原值（D）分别为1.2和0.63 h。在相似条件下，高致病性禽流感H7N1耐药性最高，D值为3.0和1.4 h。 MS2比所有病毒对病毒的抵抗力更强，并被证明是病毒灭活的合适指标。结果表明，孵化场废物的氨处理可有效灭活有包膜和裸露的单链RNA病毒。根据获得的D值和置信区间，提出了处理指南，并成功地在孵化场进行了全面验证，将MS2添加到了孵化场废物中。

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