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首页> 外文期刊>Applied Microbiology >Membrane Lipid Composition of the Moderately Thermophilic Ammonia-Oxidizing Archaeon “Candidatus Nitrosotenuis uzonensis” at Different Growth Temperatures
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Membrane Lipid Composition of the Moderately Thermophilic Ammonia-Oxidizing Archaeon “Candidatus Nitrosotenuis uzonensis” at Different Growth Temperatures

机译：中温氨氧化古细菌“ Candidatus Nitrosotenuis uzonensis”在不同生长温度下的膜脂组成

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“Candidatus Nitrosotenuis uzonensis” is the only cultured moderately thermophilic member of the thaumarchaeotal order Nitrosopumilales (NP) that contains many mesophilic marine strains. We examined its membrane lipid composition at different growth temperatures (37°C, 46°C, and 50°C). Its lipids were all membrane-spanning glycerol dialkyl glycerol tetraethers (GDGTs), with 0 to 4 cyclopentane moieties. Crenarchaeol (cren), the characteristic thaumarchaeotal GDGT, and its isomer (cren?) were present in high abundance (30 to 70%). The GDGT polar headgroups were mono-, di-, and trihexoses and hexose/phosphohexose. The ratio of glycolipid to phospholipid GDGTs was highest in the cultures grown at 50°C. With increasing growth temperatures, the relative contributions of cren and cren? increased, while those of GDGT-0 to GDGT-4 (including isomers) decreased. TEX86 (tetraether index of tetraethers consisting of 86 carbons)-derived temperatures were much lower than the actual growth temperatures, further demonstrating that TEX86 does not accurately reflect the membrane lipid adaptation of thermophilic Thaumarchaeota. As the temperature increased, specific GDGTs changed relative to their isomers, possibly representing temperature adaption-induced changes in cyclopentane ring stereochemistry. Comparison of a wide range of thaumarchaeotal core lipid compositions revealed that the “Ca. Nitrosotenuis uzonensis” cultures clustered separately from other members of the NP order and the Nitrososphaerales (NS) order. While phylogeny generally seems to have a strong influence on GDGT distribution, our analysis of “Ca. Nitrosotenuis uzonensis” demonstrates that its terrestrial, higher-temperature niche has led to a lipid composition that clearly differentiates it from other NP members and that this difference is mostly driven by its high cren? content.IMPORTANCE For Thaumarchaeota, the ratio of their glycerol dialkyl glycerol tetraether (GDGT) lipids depends on growth temperature, a premise that forms the basis of the widely applied TEX86 paleotemperature proxy. A thorough understanding of which GDGTs are produced by which Thaumarchaeota and what the effect of temperature is on their GDGT composition is essential for constraining the TEX86 proxy. “Ca. Nitrosotenuis uzonensis” is a moderately thermophilic thaumarchaeote enriched from a thermal spring, setting it apart in its environmental niche from the other marine mesophilic members of its order. Indeed, we found that the GDGT composition of “Ca. Nitrosotenuis uzonensis” cultures was distinct from those of other members of its order and was more similar to those of other thermophilic, terrestrial Thaumarchaeota. This suggests that while phylogeny has a strong influence on GDGT distribution, the environmental niche that a thaumarchaeote inhabits also shapes its GDGT composition.
机译：“乌氏梭状芽胞杆菌”是包含许多中温海洋菌株的拟潮菌亚硝化伞（NP）中唯一培养的中度嗜热成员。我们在不同的生长温度（37°C，46°C和50°C）下检查了其膜脂质成分。其脂质均为跨膜甘油二烷基甘油四醚（GDGT），具有0至4个环戊烷部分。 Crenarchaeol（cren），特征性丘脑GDGT及其异构体（cren？）含量很高（30％至70％）。 GDGT的极性头基为单，双和三己糖和己糖/磷酸己糖。在50°C下生长的培养物中，糖脂与磷脂GDGT的比例最高。随着生长温度的升高，c和and的相对贡献？ GDGT-0至GDGT-4（包括异构体）的含量下降。 TEX86（由86个碳组成的四醚的四醚指数）衍生的温度远低于实际的生长温度，这进一步表明TEX86不能准确反映嗜热丘霉的膜脂适应性。随着温度升高，特定的GDGT相对于其异构体发生了变化，可能代表了温度适应性诱导的环戊烷环立体化学变化。比较各种丘脑骨核心脂质成分后发现，“ Ca uzonensis Nitrosotenuis uzonensis培养物与NP顺序和Nitrososphaerales（NS）顺序的其他成员分开聚集。虽然系统发育通常似乎对GDGT分布有很大影响，但我们对“ Ca. “ uzonensis Nitrosotenuis uzonensis”表明它的陆地高温小生境导致了脂质成分，使其明显区别于其他NP成员，这种差异主要是由其高c促成的？重要内容对于Thaumarchaeota，它们的甘油二烷基甘油四醚（GDGT）脂质的比例取决于生长温度，这是广泛应用的TEX86古温度替代物的基础。全面了解哪种Thaumarchaeota会产生哪种GDGT，以及温度对其GDGT成分的影响是限制TEX86代理的关键。 “ Ca. “ Nitrosotenuis uzonensis”是一种中度嗜热的奇古菌，富含温泉，使其在环境生态环境中与其他海洋嗜温性成员区分开。确实，我们发现GDGT的组成为“Ca。 uzonensis的文化不同于其其他成员的文化，并且与其他嗜热的陆地古细菌的文化更相似。这表明，系统发育对GDGT的分布有很大的影响，而thaumarchaeote栖息的环境生态位也会影响其GDGT的组成。

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