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Comparison of Five Bacteriophages as Models for Viral Aerosol Studies

机译：五个噬菌体作为病毒气溶胶研究模型的比较

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Bacteriophages are perceived to be good models for the study of airborne viruses because they are safe to use, some of them display structural features similar to those of human and animal viruses, and they are relatively easy to produce in large quantities. Yet, only a few studies have investigated them as models. It has previously been demonstrated that aerosolization, environmental conditions, and sampling conditions affect viral infectivity, but viral infectivity is virus dependent. Thus, several virus models are likely needed to study their general behavior in aerosols. The aim of this study was to compare the effects of aerosolization and sampling on the infectivity of five tail-less bacteriophages and two pathogenic viruses: MS2 (a single-stranded RNA [ssRNA] phage of the LeviviridaeCystoviridaeMicroviridaeCorticoviridaeTectiviridaeOrthomyxoviridaeParamyxoviridae family). Three nebulizers and two nebulization salt buffers (with or without organic fluid) were tested, as were two aerosol sampling devices, a liquid cyclone (SKC BioSampler) and a dry cyclone (National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health two-stage cyclone bioaerosol sampler). The presence of viruses in collected air samples was detected by culture and quantitative PCR (qPCR). Our results showed that these selected five phages behave differently when aerosolized and sampled. RNA phage MS2 and ssDNA phage ΦX174 were the most resistant to aerosolization and sampling. The presence of organic fluid in the nebulization buffer protected phages PR772 and Φ6 throughout the aerosolization and sampling with dry cyclones. In this experimental setup, the behavior of the influenza virus resembled that of phages PR772 and Φ6, while the behavior of NDV was closer to that of phages MS2 and ΦX174. These results provide critical information for the selection of appropriate phage models to mimic the behavior of specific human and animal viruses in aerosols.
机译：噬菌体被认为是研究机载病毒的良好模型，因为它们使用安全，其中一些具有与人和动物病毒相似的结构特征，并且相对易于大量生产。但是，只有很少的研究将它们作为模型进行了研究。以前已经证明雾化，环境条件和采样条件会影响病毒的感染性，但是病毒的感染性取决于病毒。因此，可能需要几种病毒模型来研究其在气溶胶中的一般行为。这项研究的目的是比较雾化和采样对五种无尾噬菌体和两种病原性病毒：MS2（LeviviridaeCystoviridaeMicroviridaeCorticoviridaeTectiviridaeOrthomyxoviridaeParamy的单链RNA [ssRNA]噬菌体）的感染性的影响。测试了三个雾化器和两个雾化盐缓冲液（有或没有有机液体），以及两个气溶胶采样设备，一个液体旋风分离器（SKC BioSampler）和一个干燥旋风分离器（美国国家职业安全与健康研究所两级旋风分离器生物气溶胶采样器） 。通过培养和定量PCR（qPCR）检测收集的空气样本中是否存在病毒。我们的结果表明，当雾化和采样时，这5个噬菌体的行为有所不同。 RNA噬菌体MS2和ssDNA噬菌体ΦX174对雾化和采样的抵抗力最高。雾化缓冲液中有机流体的存在在整个雾化过程中和干旋风分离器采样过程中保护了噬菌体PR772和Φ6。在此实验设置中，流感病毒的行为类似于噬菌体PR772和Φ6，而NDV的行为更接近于噬菌体MS2和ΦX174。这些结果为选择合适的噬菌体模型以模仿特定人类和动物病毒在气溶胶中的行为提供了关键信息。

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