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Grapevine (Vitis vinifera) Crown Galls Host Distinct Microbiota

机译：葡萄（Vitis vinifera）冠Gall寄主独特的菌群

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Crown gall disease of grapevine is caused by virulent Agrobacterium strains and establishes a suitable habitat for agrobacteria and, potentially, other bacteria. The microbial community associated with grapevine plants has not been investigated with respect to this disease, which frequently results in monetary losses. This study compares the endophytic microbiota of organs from grapevine plants with or without crown gall disease and the surrounding vineyard soil over the growing seasons of 1 year. Amplicon-based community profiling revealed that the dominating factor causing differences between the grapevine microbiota is the sample site, not the crown gall disease. The soil showed the highest microbial diversity, which decreased with the distance from the soil over the root and the graft union of the trunk to the cane. Only the graft union microbiota was significantly affected by crown gall disease. The bacterial community of graft unions without a crown gall hosted transient microbiota, with the three most abundant bacterial species changing from season to season. In contrast, graft unions with a crown gall had a higher species richness, which in every season was dominated by the same three bacteria ( Pseudomonas sp., Enterobacteriaceae sp., and Agrobacterium vitis ). For in vitro -cultivated grapevine plantlets, A. vitis infection alone was sufficient to cause crown gall disease. Our data show that microbiota in crown galls is more stable over time than microbiota in healthy graft unions and that the microbial community is not essential for crown gall disease outbreak.IMPORTANCE The characterization of bacterial populations in animal and human diseases using high-throughput deep-sequencing technologies, such as 16S amplicon sequencing, will ideally result in the identification of disease-specific microbiota. We analyzed the microbiota of the crown gall disease of grapevine, which is caused by infection with the bacterial pathogen Agrobacterium vitis. All other Agrobacterium species were found to be avirulent, even though they lived together with A. vitis in the same crown gall tumor. As has been reported for human cancer, the crown gall tumor also hosted opportunistic bacteria that are adapted to the tumor microenvironment. Characterization of the microbiota in various diseases using amplicon sequencing may help in early diagnosis, to serve as a preventative measure of disease in the future.
机译：葡萄的冠gall病是由强力农杆菌菌株引起的，并为农杆菌以及可能的其他细菌建立了合适的栖息地。关于这种疾病，尚未调查与葡萄植物相关的微生物群落，这种疾病经常造成金钱损失。这项研究比较了在1年生长期中有或没有冠gall病的葡萄植物器官的内生菌群以及周围的葡萄园土壤。基于扩增子的群落分析表明，引起葡萄菌群差异的主要因素是样品部位，而不是冠the病。土壤表现出最高的微生物多样性，随着土壤从根部上方的距离以及树干到甘蔗的嫁接处的增加而降低。仅冠状动脉病菌对移植物结合菌群有显着影响。没有冠gall的移植物工会的细菌群落拥有短暂的微生物群，三种最丰富的细菌种类随季节而变化。相反，带有冠gall的嫁接具有较高的物种丰富度，在每个季节中，相同的三种细菌（假单胞菌属，肠杆菌科和土壤农杆菌）占主导地位。对于体外培养的葡萄苗，仅葡萄球菌感染就足以引起冠gall病。我们的数据显示冠crown中的微生物群随时间推移比健康移植物工会中的微生物群更稳定，并且微生物群落对于冠gall病爆发不是必不可少的。测序技术（例如16S扩增子测序）将理想地导致疾病特异性微生物群的鉴定。我们分析了葡萄的冠胆病的微生物群，这是由细菌性病原体农杆菌感染引起的。即使所有其他农杆菌属物种与葡萄球菌一起生活在同一冠胆瘤中，也被发现是无毒的。如关于人类癌症的报道，冠状胆囊肿瘤还包含适应肿瘤微环境的机会细菌。使用扩增子测序对各种疾病中的微生物群进行表征可能有助于早期诊断，从而在将来作为疾病的预防措施。

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