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Duck Migration and Past Influenza A (H5N1) Outbreak Areas

机译：鸭迁移和过去的甲型H5N1流感暴发地区

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To the Editor: In 2005 and 2006, the highly pathogenic avian in. uenza (HPAI) virus subtype H5N1 rapidly spread from Asia through Europe, the Middle East, and Africa. Waterbirds are considered the natural reservoir of low pathogenic avian in. uenza vi-ruses (1), but their potential role in the spread of HPAI (H5N1), along with legal and illegal poultry and wildlife trade (2), is yet to be clarifi ed.The garganey (Anas querquedula) is the most numerous duck migrating between Eurasia and Africa: ≈ 2 mil-lion gather in the wetlands of Western Africa every northern winter (3). We report on a spatial correlation between the 2007 migration path of a garganey monitored through satellite telemetry and areas that had major HPAI (H5N1) outbreaks from 2005 through 2007.Seven garganeys were captured, sampled, and fi tted with a 12-g sat-ellite transmitter in northern Nigeria (Hadejia-Nguru Wetlands; 12°48′N; 10°44′E) in the period February 7–15, 2007. All cloacal and tracheal swabs tested negative for avian in. uenza virus by real-time reverse transcrip-tion–PCR analysis of the matrix gene. One second-year (>9-month-old) female garganey migrated from northern Nigeria to Russia in April–May 2007 (online Appendix Figure, available from www.cdc.gov/EID/content/14/7/1164–appG.htm), where she remained until the end of July. During this 6-week spring migration over the Sahara Desert, Mediterra-nean Sea, and Eastern Europe, this duck stopped at 3 main stopover sites in Crete, Turkey (Bosphorus region), and Romania (Danube River delta). The duck migrated back to the Dan-ube delta in August, where it remained until November, when the signal was lost. Other garganeys we monitored stopped transmitting before initiating spring migration (n = 3) or remained in West Africa during spring and sum-mer (n = 3), which suggests a stress linked to capture or constraint from the transmitter attachment
机译：致编辑：2005年和2006年，高致病性禽流感（H5N1）亚型H5N1从亚洲迅速传播到欧洲，中东和非洲。水鸟被认为是低致病性禽流感病毒的天然库（1），但是它们在高致病性禽流感（H5N1）的传播以及合法和非法家禽及野生动植物贸易（2）中的潜在作用尚待确定。加纳尼（Anas querquedula）是在欧亚大陆和非洲之间迁徙的最多的鸭子：每个北部冬季，约有200万头狮子聚集在西非的湿地中（3）。我们报告了2007年通过卫星遥测监测的加格尼的迁徙路径与2005年至2007年发生HPAI（H5N1）大爆发的地区之间的空间相关性。捕获，采样并用12克饱和汽油过滤了七个加格尼， 2007年2月7日至15日，在尼日利亚北部（哈德加-努古鲁湿地; 12°48′N; 10°44′E）的一个精英发射器。所有泄殖腔和气管拭子的禽流感活检均呈阴性逆转录-PCR分析基质基因。 2007年4月至5月，一名二年级（> 9个月大）雌性加纳加尼从尼日利亚北部迁移到俄罗斯（在线附录图，可从www.cdc.gov/EID/content/14/7/1164-appG获得）。 htm），直到7月底为止。在这为期6周的春季迁移中，这只鸭子在撒哈拉大沙漠，地中海地中海和东欧上空迁移，停在了克里特岛，土耳其（博斯普鲁斯海峡地区）和罗马尼亚（多瑙河三角洲）的3个主要中途停留点。鸭子在八月份移回多瑙河三角洲，一直呆到十一月，直到信号消失。我们监测的其他巡逻车在开始春季迁移之前已停止传输（n = 3），或在春季和夏季期间仍在西非（n = 3），这表明与发射器附件捕获或约束有关的压力

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