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首页> 外文期刊>Frontiers in Psychology >Importance of the Inverted Control in Measuring Holistic Face Processing with the Composite Effect and Part-Whole Effect
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Importance of the Inverted Control in Measuring Holistic Face Processing with the Composite Effect and Part-Whole Effect

机译：反转控制在测量具有整体效应和部分整体效应的整体人脸加工中的重要性

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Holistic coding for faces is shown in several illusions that demonstrate integration of the percept across the entire face. The illusions occur upright but, crucially, not inverted. Converting the illusions into experimental tasks that measure their strength – and thus index degree of holistic coding – is often considered straightforward yet in fact relies on a hidden assumption, namely that there is no contribution to the experimental measure from secondary cognitive factors. For the composite effect, a relevant secondary factor is size of the “spotlight” of visuospatial attention. The composite task assumes this spotlight can be easily restricted to the target half (e.g., top-half) of the compound face stimulus. Yet, if this assumption were not true then a large spotlight, in the absence of holistic perception, could produce a false composite effect, present even for inverted faces and contributing partially to the score for upright faces. We review evidence that various factors can influence spotlight size: race/culture (Asians often prefer a more global distribution of attention than Caucasians); sex (females can be more global); appearance of the join or gap between face halves; and location of the eyes, which typically attract attention. Results from five experiments then show inverted faces can sometimes produce large false composite effects, and imply that whether this happens or not depends on complex interactions between causal factors. We also report, for both identity and expression, that only top-half face targets (containing eyes) produce valid composite measures. A sixth experiment demonstrates an example of a false inverted part-whole effect, where encoding-specificity is the secondary cognitive factor. We conclude the inverted face control should be tested in all composite and part-whole studies, and an effect for upright faces should be interpreted as a pure measure of holistic processing only when the experimental design produces no effect inverted.
机译：面部的整体编码在几种幻觉中得以展示，这些幻象证明了感知在整个面部上的整合。错觉是直立的，但至关重要的是，不能倒置。将幻觉转换为可测量其强度的实验任务，从而将其转换为整体编码的索引度，通常被认为是直截了当的，但实际上依赖于一个隐藏的假设，即次要认知因素对实验测量没有贡献。对于复合效应，一个相关的次要因素是视觉空间注意力“聚光灯”的大小。复合任务假设此聚光灯可以轻松地限制在复合面部刺激的目标一半（例如上半部分）。但是，如果这个假设不正确，那么在没有整体感知的情况下，大的聚光灯可能会产生错误的合成效果，甚至对于倒立的面孔也会出现，并且会部分影响直立的面孔的得分。我们审查了各种因素可能影响聚光灯大小的证据：种族/文化（亚洲人通常比白种人更关注注意力的分布）;性（女性可能更全球化）;两半之间的连接或间隙的外观;和眼睛的位置，通常会引起注意。然后，来自五个实验的结果表明，颠倒的面孔有时会产生较大的虚假合成效果，这表明这种情况是否发生取决于因果因素之间的复杂相互作用。对于身份和表达方式，我们还报告说，只有上半部分的面部目标（包含眼睛）会产生有效的复合量度。第六个实验演示了一个错误的整体倒假效应的例子，其中编码特异性是次要认知因素。我们得出结论，应该在所有复合研究和半成品研究中都测试倒立面控制，并且只有当实验设计不产生倒立效果时，才应将直立面的效果解释为整体处理的一种纯度量。

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