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首页> 外文期刊>Frontiers in Psychology >Expectancy-Based Strategic Processes Are Influenced by Spatial Working Memory Load and Individual Differences in Working Memory Capacity
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Expectancy-Based Strategic Processes Are Influenced by Spatial Working Memory Load and Individual Differences in Working Memory Capacity

机译：基于预期的战略流程受空间工作记忆负荷和工作记忆容量个体差异的影响

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The present research examined whether imposing a high (or low) working memory (WM) load in different types of non-verbal WM tasks could affect the implementation of expectancy-based strategic processes in a sequential verbal Stroop task. Participants had to identify a colored (green vs. red) target patch that was preceded by a prime word (GREEN or RED), which was either incongruent or congruent with the target color on 80% and 20% of the trials, respectively. Previous findings have shown that participants can strategically use this information to predict the upcoming target color, and avoid the standard Stroop interference effect. The Stroop task was combined with different types of non-verbal WM tasks. In Experiment 1, participants had to retain sets of four arrows that pointed either in the same (low WM load) or in different directions (high WM load). In Experiment 2, they had to remember the spatial locations of four dots which either formed a straight line (low load) or were randomly scattered in a square grid (high load). In addition, participants in the two experiments performed a change localization task to assess their WM capacity (WMC). The results in both experiments showed a reliable congruency by WM load interaction. When the Stroop task was performed under a high WM load, participants were unable to efficiently ignore the incongruence of the prime, as they consistently showed a standard Stroop effect, regardless of their WMC. Under a low WM load, however, a strategically dependent effect (reversed Stroop) emerged. This ability to ignore the incongruence of the prime was modulated by WMC, such that the reversed Stroop effect was mainly found in higher WMC participants. The findings that expectancy-based strategies on a verbal Stroop task are modulated by load on different types of spatial WM tasks point at a domain-general effect of WM on strategic processing. The present results also suggest that the impact of loading WM on expectancy-based strategies can be modulated by individual differences in WMC.
机译：本研究检查了在不同类型的非语言WM任务中施加高（或低）工作记忆（WM）负载是否会影响顺序口头Stroop任务中基于期望的战略过程的实现。参与者必须识别一个彩色（绿色与红色）目标补丁，并在其后加上一个素词（GREEN或RED），在80％的试验和20％的试验中，该词与目标颜色不一致或一致。先前的发现表明，参与者可以策略性地使用此信息来预测即将到来的目标颜色，并避免标准的Stroop干涉效应。 Stroop任务与不同类型的非语言WM任务结合在一起。在实验1中，参与者必须保留四个箭头，它们指向相同（WM负载低）或不同方向（WM负载高）。在实验2中，他们必须记住四个点的空间位置，这些点要么形成一条直线（低负载），要么随机散布在一个正方形网格中（高负载）。此外，两个实验的参与者执行了更改本地化任务，以评估他们的WM能力（WMC）。在两个实验中的结果均显示了WM负载相互作用的可靠一致性。当在高WM负载下执行Stroop任务时，参与者无法有效地忽略素数的不一致，因为他们始终显示标准的Stroop效果，而与他们的WMC无关。然而，在低WM负载下，出现了战略依赖效应（反向Stroop）。 WMC调节了忽略素数不一致的能力，因此反向Stroop效应主要出现在较高的WMC参与者中。口头Stroop任务基于预期策略的结果受不同类型的空间WM任务负载的调节，这表明WM对策略处理具有领域一般作用。本研究结果还表明，可以通过WMC中的个体差异来调节加载WM对基于预期的策略的影响。

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