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Retroviral Transcriptional Regulation and Embryonic Stem Cells: War and Peace

机译:逆转录病毒转录调控和胚胎干细胞:战争与和平。

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Retroviruses have evolved complex transcriptional enhancers and promoters that allow their replication in a wide range of tissue and cell types. Embryonic stem (ES) cells, however, characteristically suppress transcription of proviruses formed after infection by exogenous retroviruses and also of most members of the vast array of endogenous retroviruses in the genome. These cells have unusual profiles of transcribed genes and are poised to make rapid changes in those profiles upon induction of differentiation. Many of the transcription factors in ES cells control both host and retroviral genes coordinately, such that retroviral expression patterns can serve as markers of ES cell pluripotency. This overlap is not coincidental; retrovirus-derived regulatory sequences are often used to control cellular genes important for pluripotency. These sequences specify the temporal control and perhaps “noisy” control of cellular genes that direct proper cell gene expression in primitive cells and their differentiating progeny. The evidence suggests that the viral elements have been domesticated for host needs, reflecting the wide-ranging exploitation of any and all available DNA sequences in assembling regulatory networks.
机译:逆转录病毒已经进化出复杂的转录增强子和启动子,可以在各种组织和细胞类型中复制。然而,胚胎干(ES)细胞具有特征性的抑制外源逆转录病毒感染后形成的原病毒的转录,以及基因组中大量内源逆转录病毒的大多数成员的转录。这些细胞具有不寻常的转录基因谱,并有望在诱导分化后迅速改变这些谱。 ES细胞中的许多转录因子可协调地控制宿主和逆转录病毒基因,因此逆转录病毒表达模式可作为ES细胞多能性的标志物。这种重叠不是巧合;逆转录病毒衍生的调控序列通常用于控制对多能性很重要的细胞基因。这些序列指定了指导原始细胞及其分化后代中正确的细胞基因表达的细胞基因的时间控制,甚至可能是“嘈杂”的控制。有证据表明,病毒成分已被驯化,以满足宿主的需求,这反映了在组装调节网络时对任何和所有可用DNA序列的广泛利用。

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