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Effects of composition and structure on the performance of tin/graphene-containing carbon nanofibers for Li-ion anodes

机译：组成和结构对锂离子阳极含锡/石墨烯的碳纳米纤维性能的影响

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Tin is a promising replacement for graphite anodes in Li-ion batteries (994 mA h g?1 for Sn vs. 372 mA h g?1 for graphite), but suffers from particle pulverization upon lithiation that causes capacity fade. Herein, thermally reduced graphene oxide-containing carbon nanofibers (TRGO/CNFs) are used as scaffolds to house Sn/SnO2 particles, enhance anode capacity beyond that of graphite, and prolong cycle life of Sn-based electrodes. This study attempts to elucidate structure–composition relationships of tin-TRGO/CNF electrodes that lead to increased capacity retention. The composition and morphology of tin-TRGO/CNFs are assessed as a function of heat-treatment temperature and Sn loading as a means to understand and correlate electrochemical performance with physical features. We find: (1) the oxidation state of tin in TRGO/CNFs is in part determined by temperature-dependent, thermal-decomposition products of polyacrylonitrile-derived CNFs, and (2) precursor Sn(IV) loadings ≤10 wt% in the tin-TRGO/CNFs lead to Sn(0) or SnO2 particles embedded within the fiber + TRGO matrix. Electrodes with precursor Sn(IV) loading ≤10 wt% have smaller tin particles than electrodes with Sn(IV) loadings >10 wt%, and have longer cycle-lives; reversible capacities of ～600 mA h g?1 are observed at 0.2C rates, while capacities of ～400 mA h g?1 are observed after hundreds of cycles at 2C rates. The durable graphene-containing nanofiber matrix, coupled with the high-capacity of tin, provides a promising anode material for Li-ion cells.
机译：锡是锂离子电池中石墨阳极的有前途的替代品（994 mA hg ？1 用于Sn vs。 372 mA hg ？1 （对于石墨），但在锂化时会遭受颗粒粉碎，从而导致容量衰减。本文中，将热还原的含氧化石墨烯的碳纳米纤维（TRGO / CNF）用作容纳Sn / SnO 2 颗粒的支架，增强阳极容量，使其超过石墨，并且延长锡基电极的循环寿命。这项研究试图阐明锡-TRGO / CNF电极的结构-组成关系，从而导致容量保持率提高。锡-TRGO / CNFs的组成和形态是根据热处理温度和锡含量的函数进行评估的，锡含量是了解电化学性能并将其与物理特征联系起来的一种手段。我们发现：（1）TRGO / CNFs中锡的氧化态部分取决于聚丙烯腈衍生的CNFs的温度依赖性热分解产物，以及（2）前体Sn（ IV ）锡TRGO / CNF中的≤10 wt％的负载导致嵌入纤维+ TRGO基质中的Sn（0）或SnO 2 颗粒。前体Sn（ IV ）负载≤10wt％的电极比Sn（ IV ）负载> 10 wt％的电极具有更小的锡颗粒，并且循环寿命更长。在0.2C速率下观察到〜600 mA hg ？1 的可逆容量，而〜400 mA hg ？1 <在2C速率下数百次循环后观察到/ small>。耐用的含石墨烯的纳米纤维基质，再加上高容量的锡，为锂离子电池提供了一种有希望的阳极材料。

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