A tangential distortion of background source galaxies around foreground lens galaxies in the Hubble Deep Field is detected at the 99.3% confidence level. An important element of our analysis is the use of photometric redshifts to determine distances of lens and source galaxies and rest-frame B-band luminosities of the lens galaxies. The lens galaxy halos obey a Tully-Fisher relation between halo circular velocity and luminosity. The typical lens galaxy, at a redshift z = 0.6, has a circular velocity of 210 ± 40 km s-1 at MB = -18.5, if q0 = 0.5. Control tests, in which lens and source positions and source ellipticities are randomized, confirm the significance level of the detection quoted above. Furthermore, a marginal signal is also detected from an independent, fainter sample of source galaxies without photometric redshifts. Potential systematic effects, such as contamination by aligned satellite galaxies, the distortion of source shapes by the light of the foreground galaxies, PSF anisotropies, and contributions from mass distributed on the scale of galaxy groups are shown to be negligible. A comparison of our result with the local Tully-Fisher relation indicates that intermediate-redshift galaxies are fainter than local spirals by 1.0 ± 0.6 B mag at a fixed circular velocity. This is consistent with some spectroscopic studies of the rotation curves of intermediate-redshift galaxies. This result suggests that the strong increase in the global luminosity density with redshift is dominated by evolution in the galaxy number density.
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机译：在99.3％的置信度下，检测到哈勃深场中前景镜头星系周围的背景源星系的切向畸变。我们分析的一个重要因素是使用光度红移来确定透镜星系和源星系的距离以及透镜星系的静止帧B波段光度。透镜星系光环服从光环圆周速度和光度之间的塔利-费舍关系。如果q0 = 0.5，则在红移z = 0.6时，典型的镜头星系在MB = -18.5时具有210±40 km s-1的圆周速度。通过对透镜和光源位置以及光源椭圆度进行随机化的对照测试，可以确认上述检测的显着性水平。此外，还可以从源星系的独立，微弱样本中检测到边缘信号，而没有光度红移。潜在的系统影响，例如被对准的卫星星系污染，前景星系的光线造成的源形状畸变，PSF各向异性以及星系群规模上的质量贡献都可以忽略不计。我们的结果与局部Tully-Fisher关系的比较表明，在固定的圆周速度下，中间红移星系比局部螺旋星系微弱1.0±0.6 B mag。这与中间红移星系旋转曲线的一些光谱学研究一致。该结果表明，随着红移，全球光度密度的强烈增加主要由星系数密度的演化决定。
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