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Formation of Terrestrial Planets from Protoplanets. I. Statistics of Basic Dynamical Properties

机译:由原行星形成的地球行星。一,基本动力学性质统计

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The final stage of terrestrial planet formation is known as the giant impact stage, where protoplanets collide with one another to form planets. As this process is stochastic, in order to clarify it, it is necessary to quantify it statistically. We investigate this final assemblage of terrestrial planets from protoplanets using N-body simulations. As initial conditions, we adopt the oligarchic growth model of protoplanets. We systematically change the surface density, surface density profile, and orbital separation of the initial protoplanet system, and the bulk density of protoplanets, while the initial system radial range is fixed at 0.5-1.5 AU. For each initial condition, we perform 20 runs, and from their results we derive the statistical properties of the assembled planets. For the standard disk model, typically two Earth-sized planets form in the terrestrial planet region. We show the dependences of the masses and orbital elements of planets on the initial protoplanet system parameters and give their simple empirical fits. The number of planets slowly decreases as the surface density of the initial protoplanets increases, while the masses of individual planets increase almost linearly. For a steeper surface density profile, large planets tend to form closer to the star. For the parameter ranges that we test, the basic structure of planetary systems depends only slightly on the initial distribution of protoplanets and the bulk density as long as the total mass is fixed.
机译:地球行星形成的最后阶段称为巨大撞击阶段,在此阶段,原行星相互碰撞形成行星。由于此过程是随机的,因此为了澄清它,有必要对它进行统计量化。我们使用N体模拟研究了来自原行星的地球最终组装体。作为初始条件,我们采用原行星的寡头增长模型。我们系统地更改了初始原行星系统的表面密度,表面密度分布和轨道间距,以及原行星的体积密度,而初始系统径向范围固定为0.5-1.5 AU。对于每个初始条件,我们执行20次运行,然后根据其结果得出组装行星的统计特性。对于标准磁盘模型,通常在地面行星区域中会形成两个地球大小的行星。我们展示了行星质量和轨道元素对原初行星系统参数的依赖性,并给出了它们的简单经验拟合。随着初始原行星表面密度的增加,行星的数量逐渐减少,而各个行星的质量几乎呈线性增加。对于更陡峭的表面密度分布,大型行星往往形成得更靠近恒星。对于我们测试的参数范围,只要总质量固定,行星系统的基本结构仅略微取决于原行星的初始分布和体积密度。

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