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CHANGING PHASES OF ALIEN WORLDS: PROBING ATMOSPHERES OF KEPLER PLANETS WITH HIGH-PRECISION PHOTOMETRY

机译:改变外星世界的相位:用高精度分光光度计探测开普勒行星的大气

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We present a comprehensive analysis of planetary phase variations, including possible planetary light offsets, using eighteen quarters of data from the Kepler space telescope. Our analysis found fourteen systems with significant detections in each of the phase curve components: planet's phase function, secondary eclipse, Doppler boosting, and ellipsoidal variations. We model the full phase curve simultaneously, including primary and secondary transits, and derive albedos, day- and night-side temperatures and planet masses. Most planets manifest low optical geometric albedos ( 0.25), with the exception of Kepler-10b, Kepler-91b, and KOI-13b. We find that KOI-13b, with a small eccentricity of 0.0006 ± 0.0001, is the only planet for which an eccentric orbit is favored. We detect a third harmonic for HAT-P-7b for the first time, and confirm the third harmonic for KOI-13b reported in Esteves et al.: both could be due to their spin–orbit misalignments. For six planets, we report a planetary brightness peak offset from the substellar point: of those, the hottest two (Kepler-76b and HAT-P-7b) exhibit pre-eclipse shifts or on the evening-side, while the cooler four (Kepler-7b, Kepler-8b, Kepler-12b, and Kepler-41b) peak post-eclipse or on the morning-side. Our findings dramatically increase the number of Kepler planets with detected planetary light offsets, and provide the first evidence in the Kepler data for a correlation between the peak offset direction and the planet's temperature. Such a correlation could arise if thermal emission dominates light from hotter planets that harbor hot spots shifted toward the evening-side, as theoretically predicted, while reflected light dominates cooler planets with clouds on the planet's morning-side.
机译:我们使用开普勒太空望远镜的18%的数据,对行星相位变化进行了全面分析,包括可能的行星光偏移。我们的分析发现了十四个系统,它们在每个相位曲线分量中都具有明显的检测能力:行星的相位函数,二次月食,多普勒加速和椭球变化。我们同时对整个相位曲线进行建模,包括一次和二次过渡,并得出反照率,昼夜温度和行星质量。除开普勒10b,开普勒91b和KOI-13b以外,大多数行星都表现出低光学几何反照率(<0.25)。我们发现,偏心率为0.0006±0.0001的KOI-13b是唯一偏心轨道的行星。我们首次检测到HAT-P-7b的三次谐波,并确认Esteves等人报道的KOI-13b的三次谐波:这两者均可能是由于自旋轨道未对准所致。对于六个行星,我们报告了一个行星距下星点的亮度峰值偏移:其中,最热的两个(Kepler-76b和HAT-P-7b)表现出日食前偏或在傍晚时偏,而较冷的四个(偏夜)。 Kepler-7b,Kepler-8b,Kepler-12b和Kepler-41b)在日食后或早晨出现高峰。我们的发现极大地增加了具有检测到的行星光偏移的开普勒行星的数量,并且在开普勒数据中首次提供了峰值偏移方向与行星温度之间的相关性证据。如果理论上预测的话,如果热辐射支配着热点向傍晚移动的较热行星发出的光,而反射光支配着早晨出现云层的较凉爽的行星,则可能产生这种关联。

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