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ON THE FORMATION OF SUPER-EARTHS WITH IMPLICATIONS FOR THE SOLAR SYSTEM

机译:涉及太阳系的超地球的形成

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We first consider how the level of turbulence in a protoplanetary disk affects the formation locations for the observed close-in super-Earths in exosolar systems. We find that a protoplanetary disk that includes a dead zone (a region of low turbulence) has substantially more material in the inner parts of the disk, possibly allowing for in situ formation. For the dead zone to last the entire lifetime of the disk requires the active layer surface density to be sufficiently small, . Migration through a dead zone may be very slow and thus super-Earth formation followed by migration toward the star through the dead zone is less likely. For fully turbulent disks, there is not enough material for in situ formation. However, in this case, super-Earths can form farther out in the disk and migrate inward on a reasonable timescale. We suggest that both of these formation mechanisms operate in different planetary systems. This can help to explain the observed large range in densities of super-Earths because the formation location determines the composition. Furthermore, we speculate that super-Earths could have formed in the inner parts of our solar system and cleared the material in the region inside of Mercury's orbit. The super-Earths could migrate through the gas disk and fall into the Sun if the disk was sufficiently cool during the final gas disk accretion process. While it is definitely possible to meet all of these requirements, we don't expect them to occur in all systems, which may explain why the solar system is somewhat special in its lack of super-Earths.
机译:我们首先考虑原行星盘中的湍流水平如何影响系外系统中观测到的近地超地球的形成位置。我们发现,包括死区(低湍流区域)的原行星盘在盘的内部具有实质上更多的材料,可能允许原位形成。为了使死区持续到磁盘的整个寿命,要求活性层的表面密度足够小。通过死区的迁移可能非常缓慢,因此不太可能形成超地球,然后再通过死区向恒星迁移。对于完全湍动的圆盘,没有足够的材料进行原位形成。但是,在这种情况下,超级地球可以在磁盘中向外延伸,并在合理的时间范围内向内迁移。我们建议这两种形成机制都在不同的行星系统中运行。这可以帮助解释所观测到的超地球密度的大范围范围,因为形成位置决定了组成。此外,我们推测超地球可能在我们太阳系的内部形成,并清除了水星轨道内部区域的物质。如果在最后的气碟吸积过程中,如果磁碟足够凉爽,那么超级地球可能会通过气碟迁移并掉入太阳中。尽管绝对有可能满足所有这些要求,但我们并不希望它们出现在所有系统中,这可以解释为什么太阳系由于缺乏超级地球而有些特殊。

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