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Adaptation of wild boar ( Sus scrofa ) activity in a human-dominated landscape

机译：适应人类主导景观中的野猪（SUS Scrofa）活动

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Wild boars (Sus scrofa L.) are globally widely distributed, and their populations have increased in Europe during recent decades. Encounters between humans and wild boars are rare because of the predominantly nocturnal lifestyle of the latter, and wild boar management by hunting is a challenging task. Animal activity patterns are important for understanding the behaviour of a species. However, knowledge of detailed temporal patterns and an understanding of the drivers of wild boar activity at a fine temporal scale are lacking. Of special relevance for human–wild boar interactions (e.g., encounters, conflicts, and management) is the question of whether nocturnal activity depends on anthropogenic factors and, particularly, how local hunting regimes may affect activity patterns. We used GPS telemetry and acceleration measurements to shed light on this part of wild boar behaviour, observing 34 animals in Central Europe. Animals were tracked along a gradient of hunting pressure from hunting-free areas to areas with low or high hunting pressure. Fitted generalised additive models allowed predicting the probability of active behaviour under differing disturbance regimes precisely to day of year and time of day. The wild boars were predominantly nocturnal, with peak activity at approximately midnight. However, the data showed increased activity during daylight for wild boars that used no-hunting zones or reduced-hunting zones. Large areas with low disturbance levels promoted activity during daylight more than smaller areas with an intermediate disturbance regime. High air temperatures and locations within forests reduced the probability of active behaviour, whereas proximity to tracks used for forestry or agriculture was accompanied by a higher probability of activity. We conclude that wild boars flexibly adjust their activity to their local environmental conditions, considering disturbances at the scale of long-term home ranges as well as actual small-scale landscape quality. Entire wild boar home ranges should be covered in the delineation of reserves intending to stimulate activity during daylight.
机译：野猪（SUS Scrofa L.）全球广泛分布，近几十年来，他们的人口在欧洲增加。人类与野猪之间的遇到是罕见的，因为后者的夜间生活方式，通过狩猎的野猪管理是一个具有挑战性的任务。动物活动模式对于了解物种的行为很重要。然而，缺乏了解详细的时间模式和对野猪活动的驱动器以精细的时间量表的理解。关于人野公猪相互作用的特殊相关性（例如，遇到，冲突和管理）是夜间活动是否取决于人为因素的问题，特别是局部狩猎制度如何影响活动模式。我们使用GPS遥测和加速度测量在野公猪行为的这一部分，观察中欧的34只动物。沿着狩猎区域的梯度跟踪动物，从狩猎区域到狩猎压力低或高的区域。拟合的广义添加剂模型允许预测不同干扰制度下的活动行为的概率，精确到一年的一天和时间。野猪主要是夜间，大约午夜的峰值活性。然而，数据在使用无狩猎区或掉狩猎区的野生公猪时显示出的活动增加。扰动水平低的大区域在日光期间促进了活动的活动，比具有中间干扰制度的较小区域。森林内的高空气温度和位置降低了积极行为的概率，而用于林业或农业的轨道的接近伴随着更高的活动概率。我们得出结论，野猪灵活地将其活动调整到当地环境条件，考虑到长期家庭范围的规模以及实际的小规模景观质量。应覆盖整个野猪的家庭范围，打算在日光期间打算刺激活动的储备划分。

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