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Determinants efficiency of Vietnam’s footwear export: A stochastic gravity analysis

机译：越南鞋类出口的决定因素效率：随机重力分析

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This study was conducted to estimate the determinants as well as the efficiency of Vietnam’s footwear export to 50 trading partners by applying stochastic fronter gravity approach for the period 2001-2018. We found that Vietnam’s footwear export is positively affected by income measured by gross domestic product (GDP), border and landlock situation. The income elasticity of footwear export of Vietnam was about 1.2%. We also showed that the export efficiency of Vietnam’s footwear was not very high with the average ranges from 50.8% to 63.1%. The 10 most efficient countries were Cambodia, Panama, Slovakia, Belgium, Myanmar, Hongkong, Korea, Chile, the US and the Netherlands. We also found that 10 countries with the largest export potential were the US, China, Germany, Japan, Belgium, the UK, Netherlands, Korea, France, Canada. Regarding the determinants of export efficiency, the study provides evidence that trade freedom, financial freedom and importers’ population density positively contributed to efficiency. Our findings also support further integration of Vietnam since membership to many FTA enhances Vietnam’s footwear export efficiency. These FTAs include AFTA, Vietnam-Chile FTA, ASEAN-India FTA, ASEAN-Korean FTA, ASEAN-Japan FTA, ASEAN-China FTA, ASEAN-Australia-New Zealand FTA. Finally, the study recommends a relevant market policy for Vietnam’s footwear export in the coming years. We have provided 4 types of markets with different levels of priorities that Vietnam’s footwear exporters should focus on. The top footwear market priority should be countries with high potential yet low efficiency such as China, Russia, Brazil, Thailand, Sweden, Singapore and Australia.
机译：本研究旨在估算决定因素，并通过在2001 - 2018年期间应用随机的FRONTER重力方法来估算越南鞋类出口到50个贸易伙伴的效率。我们发现越南的鞋类出口受到国内生产总值（GDP），边境和内陆局势衡量的收入的积极影响。越南鞋类出口的收入弹性约为1.2％。我们还表明，越南鞋类的出口效率并不高，平均范围从50.8％到63.1％。 10个最有效的国家是柬埔寨，巴拿马，斯洛伐克，比利时，缅甸，香港，韩国，智利，美国和荷兰。我们还发现，出口潜力最大的10个国家是美国，中国，德国，日本，比利时，英国，荷兰，韩国，法国，加拿大。关于出口效率的决定因素，该研究提供了贸易自由，金融自由和进口商的人口密度积极促进效率的证据。我们的调查结果还支持越南的进一步融合，因为许多自由贸易协定的成员提高了越南的鞋类出口效率。这些FTA包括AFTA，越南智利FTA，东盟 - 韩国FTA，东盟 - 日本FTA，东盟 - 中国FTA，东盟 - 澳大利亚 - 新西兰自由贸易区。最后，该研究建议在未来几年越南鞋类出口的相关市场政策。我们提供了4种类型的市场，具有不同程度的优先级，越南的鞋类出口商应该关注。顶级鞋类市场优先事项应该是中国，俄罗斯，巴西，泰国，瑞典，新加坡和澳大利亚等潜力高效率高的国家。

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