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Experimental Comparison of Runoff Generation and Initial Soil Erosion Between Vineyards and Croplands of Eastern Croatia A Case Study

机译：克罗地亚东部葡萄园与农作物径流发电及初始土壤侵蚀的实验比较案例研究

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Soil and water loss in agricultural fields is a global problem. Although studies about soil erosion in croplands and vineyards exist, the direct comparison between these land uses is missing, especially under continental climates in Europe. Therefore, it is needed to find control measures to the impacts of these land-use management strategies on soil properties and hydrological response. The objective of this work is to estimate and compare the impacts of croplands and vineyards under conventional management croplands and vineyards on soil properties (water holding capacity—WHC; bulk density—BD; soil water content—SWC; water stable aggregates—WSA; mean weight diameter—MWD; soil organic matter—SOM; available phosphorus—AP; total nitrogen—TN) and hydrological response (runoff—Run; sediment content—SC; sediment loss—SL; carbon loss—C loss; phosphorus loss—P loss; nitrogen loss—N loss) in Eastern Croatia. To achieve these goals, a study was set up using rainfall simulation tests at 58?mm?h~(?1) over 30?minutes on 2 locations (Zmajevac: 45°48′N; 18°46′E; Erdut: 45°30′N; 19°01′E). In total, 32 rainfall simulations were carried out, 8 repetitions in vineyards and 8 in cropland plots of 0.876?m~(2), per location. Bulk density was significantly higher in cropland plots compared with the vineyard. Soil water content was significantly higher in Zmajevac cropland compared with Erdut plots. Also, SWC was significantly lower in Zmajevac vineyard than in the cropland located in the same area. Water stable aggregates and MWD were significantly higher in vineyard plots than in the cropland. Also, SOM and TN were significantly lower in Zmajevac cropland compared with the vineyard located in the same area. Available phosphorus was significantly high in Zmajevac plots than in Erdut. The rainfall simulations showed that Run was significantly higher in Erdut vineyard (8.2?L?m~(?2)) compared with Zmajevac (3.8?L?m~(?2)). Also, the Run in Erdut Cropland was significantly lower than in the vineyard. Sediment content did not show significant differences among locations. In Erdut, vineyard plots had a significantly lower SL (28.0?g?m~(?2)) than the cropland ones (39.1?g?m~(?2)). C loss was significantly higher in Zmajevac cropland than in Erdut. Also, C loss was significantly lower in Zmajevac vineyard compared with the cropland. We did not observe significant differences in P loss, and N loss also did not show significant differences. The principal component analysis showed that SOM was associated with WSA, AP, and TN. These variables were negatively related to slope, SWC, and C loss (factor 1). Also, MWD was inversely related to SL, P, and N loss (factor 2). Bulk density and SC were negatively related to Run. Overall, we conclude that noninvertive tillage practices in vineyards preserve soil structure, enhance soil quality, and reduce the extent of soil degradation.
机译：农业领域的土壤和水分流失是一个全球性问题。尽管存在关于农田和葡萄园的土壤侵蚀的研究，但这些土地使用的直接比较缺失，特别是在欧洲大陆气候下。因此，需要发现对土地利用管理策略对土壤性质和水文反应影响的控制措施。这项工作的目的是估计和比较农田和葡萄园在常规管理农田和葡萄园土壤性质下的影响（水持有能力-WHC;散装密度-BD;土壤水分含量-WCC;水稳定的聚集体-WSA;平均值重量直径-MWD;土壤有机物质-OM;可用的磷-AP;总氮-TN）和水文反应（径流运行;沉积物含量-C;沉积物损失-SL;碳损失-C损失;磷损失 - P损失;克罗地亚东部的氮损失-N损失。为了实现这些目标，使用降雨模拟试验在58〜（？1）上超过30？分钟（Zmajevac：45°48'n; 18°46'e; Erdut：45 °30'n; 19°01'e）。总共进行了32种降雨模拟，葡萄园8次重复，每份地点为0.876的农田图8中的8个。与葡萄园相比，农田区批量密度明显高。与Erdut Plots相比，Zmajevac农田土壤含水量明显高。此外，Zmajevac Vineyard的SWC显着低于位于同一地区的农作物。水稳定的聚集体和MWD在葡萄园地块中显着高于农作物。此外，Zmajevac农田的SOM和TN与位于同一地区的葡萄园相比，Zmajevac农作物显着降低。 Zmajevac图中的可用磷比在Erdut中显着高。与Zmajevac（3.8？L≥M〜（？2））相比，Rodfall模拟显示Runut Vineyard（8.2？l？m〜（Δ2））显着高。此外，Erdut Cropland的运行显着低于葡萄园。沉积物内容在地点之间没有显着差异。在Erdut中，葡萄园图具有明显的下层SL（28.0？G？M〜（？2）），而不是农田（39.1？g？m〜（？2））。 Zmajevac农作物的损失明显高于Erdut。此外，与农田相比，Zmajevac葡萄园的C损失显着降低。我们没有观察到P损失的显着差异，N损失也没有显示出显着的差异。主要成分分析显示SOM与WSA，AP和TN相关联。这些变量与斜坡，SWC和C损失负相关（因子1）。此外，MWD与SL，P和N损失相反（因子2）。散装密度和sc与运行负相关。总体而言，我们得出结论，葡萄园中的非易性耕作实践保持土壤结构，提高土壤质量，降低土壤降解程度。

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