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Exhaled biomarkers in childhood asthma: old and new approaches

机译：儿童哮喘呼出的生物标志物：旧的和新的方法

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Asthma is a chronic condition usually characterized by underlying inflammation. The study of asthmatic inflammation is of the utmost importance for both diagnostic and monitoring purposes. The gold standard for investigating airway inflammation is bronchoscopy, with bronchoalveolar lavage and bronchial biopsy, but the invasiveness of such procedures limits their use in children. For this reason, in the last decades there has been a growing interest for the development of noninvasive methods. In the present review, we describe the most important non-invasive methods for the study of airway inflammation in children, focusing on the measure of the fractional exhaled nitric oxide (feNO), on the measure of the exhaled breath temperature (EBT) and on the analysis of both exhaled breath condensate (EBC) and exhaled air (Volatile Organic Compounds, VOCs), using targeted and untargeted approaches. We summarize what is currently known on the topic of exhaled biomarkers in childhood asthma, with a special emphasis on emerging approaches, underlining the role of exhaled biomarkers in the diagnosis, management and treatment of asthma, and their potential for the development of personalized treatments. Among non-invasive methods to study asthma, exhaled breath analysis remains one of the most interesting approaches, feNO and "-omic" sciences seem promising for the purpose of characterizing biomarkers of this disease.
机译：哮喘是一种慢性病症，其特征在于潜在的炎症。对哮喘炎症的研究对于诊断和监测目的来说至关重要。调查气道炎症的黄金标准是支气管镜，带支气管肺泡灌洗和支气管活检，但这些程序的侵袭性限制了他们在儿童的使用。出于这个原因，在过去的几十年中，对非侵入性方法的发展有所壮大。在本综述中，我们描述了用于儿童气道炎症研究的最重要的非侵入性方法，重点关注分数呼出的一氧化氮（FENO）的测量，在呼出的呼吸温度（EBT）和上使用靶向和未明确的方法分析呼出的呼吸凝结物（EBC）和呼出的空气（挥发性有机化合物，VOC）。我们总结了对儿童哮喘呼出的生物标志物主题所知的内容，特别强调新兴的方法，强调了呼出的生物标志物在哮喘诊断，管理和治疗中的作用，以及他们发展个性化治疗的潜力。在学习哮喘的非侵入性方法中，呼出的呼气分析仍然是最有趣的方法之一，FENO和“ - MIC”的科学似乎很有希望，以表征这种疾病的生物标志物。

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