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首页> 外文期刊>Atmospheric Measurement Techniques >Intercomparison of low- and high-resolution infrared spectrometers for ground-based solar remote sensing measurements of total column concentrations of COsub2/sub, CHsub4/sub, and CO
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Intercomparison of low- and high-resolution infrared spectrometers for ground-based solar remote sensing measurements of total column concentrations of COsub2/sub, CHsub4/sub, and CO

机译：基于低分辨率红外光谱仪的基于地面的太阳遥感测量的相互熟练，CO 2 ，CH 4 ，CO

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The Total Carbon Column Observing Network (TCCON) is the baseline ground-based network of instruments that record solar absorption spectra from which accurate and precise column-averaged dry-air mole fractions of CO2 (XCO2), CH4 (XCH4), CO (XCO), and other gases are retrieved. The TCCON data have been widely used for carbon cycle science and validation of satellites measuring greenhouse gas concentrations globally. The number of stations in the network (currently about 25) is limited and has a very uneven geographical coverage: the stations in the Northern Hemisphere are distributed mostly in North America, Europe, and Japan, and only 20 % of the stations are located in the Southern Hemisphere, leaving gaps in the global coverage. A denser distribution of ground-based solar absorption measurements is needed to improve the representativeness of the measurement data for various atmospheric conditions (humid, dry, polluted, presence of aerosol), various surface conditions such as high albedo (0.4) and very low albedo, and a larger latitudinal distribution. More stations in the Southern Hemisphere are also needed, but a further expansion of the network is limited by its costs and logistical requirements. For this reason, several groups are investigating supplemental portable low-cost instruments. The European Space Agency (ESA) funded campaign Fiducial Reference Measurements for Ground-Based Infrared Greenhouse Gas Observations (FRM4GHG) at the Sodankyl? TCCON site in northern Finland aims to characterise the assessment of several low-cost portable instruments for precise solar absorption measurements of XCO2, XCH4, and XCO. The test instruments under investigation are three Fourier transform spectrometers (FTSs): a Bruker EM27/SUN, a Bruker IRcube, and a Bruker Vertex70, as well as a laser heterodyne spectroradiometer (LHR) developed by the UK Rutherford Appleton Laboratory. All four remote sensing instruments performed measurements simultaneously next to the reference TCCON instrument, a Bruker IFS?125HR, for a full year in 2017. The TCCON FTS was operated in its normal high-resolution mode (TCCON data set) and in a special low-resolution mode (HR125LR data set), similar to the portable spectrometers. The remote sensing measurements are complemented by regular AirCore launches performed from the same site. They provide in situ vertical profiles of the target gas concentrations as auxiliary reference data for the column retrievals, which are traceable to the WMO SI standards. The reference measurements performed with the Bruker IFS 125HR were found to be affected by non-linearity of the indium gallium arsenide (InGaAs) detector. Therefore, a non-linearity correction of the 125HR data was performed for the whole campaign period and compared with the test instruments and AirCore. The non-linearity-corrected data (TCCONmod data set) show a better match with the test instruments and AirCore data compared to the non-corrected reference data. The time series, the bias relative to the reference instrument and its scatter, and the seasonal and the day-to-day variations of the target gases are shown and discussed. The comparisons with the HR125LR data set gave a useful analysis of the resolution-dependent effects on the target gas retrieval. The solar zenith angle dependence of the retrievals is shown and discussed. The intercomparison results show that the LHR data have a large scatter and biases with a strong diurnal variation relative to the TCCON and other FTS instruments. The LHR is a new instrument under development, and these biases are currently being investigated and addressed. The campaign helped to characterise and identify instrumental biases and possibly retrieval biases, which are currently under investigation. Further improvements of the instrument are ongoing. The EM27/SUN, the IRcube, the modified Vertex70, and the HR125LR provided stable and precise measurements of the target gases during the campaign with quantified small biases. The bias dependence on the humidity along the measurement line of sight has been investigated and no dependence was found. These three portable low-resolution FTS instruments are suitable to be used for campaign deployment or long-term measurements from any site and offer the ability to complement the TCCON and expand the global coverage of ground-based reference measurements of the target gases.
机译：总碳柱观察网络（TCCON）是基于基于基于基于基于基于基于基于仪器的仪器网络，其记录了Solar吸收光谱，其从哪种精确和精确的柱平均干燥空气摩尔级分的CO 2（XCO2），CH4（XCH4），CO（XCO ）和其他气体被检索。 TCCON数据已被广泛用于碳循环科学和卫星验证，卫星测量全球温室气体浓度。网络中的车站数量（目前约25个）是有限的，并且具有非常不均匀的地理覆盖：北半球的车站主要在北美，欧洲和日本分发，只有20％的车站位于南半球，在全球覆盖范围内留下差距。需要对地面太阳能吸收测量的密集分布，以改善各种大气条件的测量数据的代表性（潮湿，干燥，污染，气溶胶的存在），各种表面条件如高的Albedo（> 0.4），非常低Albedo和更大的纬度分布。还需要更多地区的南半球站，但网络的进一步扩展受其成本和后勤要求的限制。因此，几个组正在调查补充便携式低成本工具。欧洲航天局（ESA）为冰淇淋提供了基于地面红外温室气体观测（FRM4GHG）的竞选基准参考测量值？芬兰北部的TCCON网站旨在表征对XCO2，XCH4和XCO的精确太阳能吸收测量的几种低成本便携式仪器的评估。正在调查的测试仪器是三个傅里叶变换光谱仪（FTS）：Bruker Em27 / Sun，Bruker Ircube和Bruker Vertex70，以及由英国Rutherford Appleton实验室开发的激光外差分光镜（LHR）。所有四个遥感仪器在2017年的一年全年旁边的参考TCCON仪器旁边同时进行测量。TCCON FTS在其正常的高分辨率模式（TCCON数据集）中运行，特殊低位-Resolution模式（HR125LR数据集），类似于便携式光谱仪。遥感测量由来自同一站点执行的常规AIRCORE发射互补。它们以柱检索的辅助参考数据提供目标气体浓度的原位垂直型材，可追溯到WMO Si标准。发现使用Bruker IFS 125HR进行的参考测量值受铟镓砷（InGaAs）检测器的非线性的影响。因此，对整个活动期进行了125HR数据的非线性校正，并与测试仪器和AICORE进行比较。与未校正的参考数据相比，非线性校正数据（TCCONMOD数据集）与测试仪器和AirCore数据显示更好。时间序列，相对于参考仪器的偏差及其散射，以及季节性和季节性和日常变化的目标气体的变化。与HR125LR数据集的比较对目标气体检索的分辨率依赖性作用进行了有用的分析。显示并讨论了检索的太阳能天性角度依赖性。相互熟练的结果表明，LHR数据具有大的散射和偏差，具有相对于TCCON和其他FTS仪器具有强大的昼夜变化。 LHR是一个正在开发的新文书，目前正在调查和解决这些偏差。该活动有助于表征和识别有乐趣的偏见和可能的检索偏见，目前正在调查。仪器的进一步改进正在进行中。 EM27 / SUN，IRCUBE，改进的Vertex70和HR125LR在竞选期间提供了稳定，精确地测量目标气体，其具有量化的小偏差。研究了沿着测量视线湿度对湿度的偏置依赖性，并且没有发现依赖性。这三种便携式低分辨率FTS仪器适用于来自任何网站的竞选部署或长期测量，并提供补充TCCON的能力，并扩大目标气体的地面参考测量的全球覆盖范围。

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