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Urbanization has opposite effects on the territory size of two passerine birds

机译：城市化对两只海鸽鸟的领土大小相反

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BackgroundUrban expansion has been identified as one of the leading drivers of biodiversity change or loss. For birds, urbanization is specifically related to survival, breeding success, and territory size. Understanding how different birds adjust territory size in response to urbanization is essential for their conservation in urban environments and to better understand why some species are lost and others persist under this condition. We evaluated the effect of urbanization on the territory size of an urban avoider species, White-eared Ground-Sparrow ( Melozone leucotis ), and an urban adapter species, House Wren ( Troglodytes aedon ), at five Costa Rican sites.MethodsWe measured the size of 30 ground-sparrow and 28 wren territories using a total of 296?h of observation. We followed each individual for at least 1 h per day for at least 2 days of two consecutive years, and geo-referenced their locations. Territory size was estimated using the minimum convex polygon method. We measured the urban surfaces (roads, buildings, any other paved area, soccer fields, lawns, and gardens with short grass) within territories.ResultsGround-sparrow territories were larger at the highly urbanized site than at the non-urbanized site. Wren territories were larger at the low urbanized site than at the highly urbanized site. We found a positive relationship between urban surface and territory size for the ground-sparrow, but not for the wren.ConclusionsOur results showed that not all birds adjust territory size in the same way in response to urbanization. We showed that urban avoiders probably need to defend larger territories in urban environments to find all the resources required to survive because urban environments may provide insufficient resources such as food or shelter. Urban adapters on the other hand defend smaller territories in urban environments because even small territories may provide sufficient resources. These results suggest specific behavioral adaptations developed by Neotropical birds inhabiting urban environments.
机译：背景都被确定为生物多样性变革或损失的主要驱动因素之一。对于鸟类，城市化与生存，育种成功和领土大小有关。了解不同的鸟类如何调整境内规模，以应对城市化，对城市环境的保护至关重要，并更好地理解为什么某些物种丢失，其他人在这种情况下持续存在。我们评估了城市化对城市禽类种类的境内大小的影响，白耳地雀（Melozone Leucotis）和城市适配器物种，House Wren（Troglodytes AEDON），在五个哥斯达黎加网站.Thodswe测量了大小30个地面麻雀和28个韦纳领土，总共296？H观察。我们连续两年至少2天遵循每天至少1小时，并在地理上引用他们的地点。使用最小凸多边形方法估算境内大小。我们在地区衡量了城市表面（道路，建筑物，任何其他铺砌的地区，足球场，草坪和花园）在地区.Resultsground-Sparrow地区在高城市化的场地比非城市化网站更大。在高城市化的网站上，韦尔格领土比高层城市化遗址更大。我们发现城市面和地区大小为地面麻雀之间的积极关系，但不适用于WREN.Conclusionsour的结果表明，并非所有鸟类都以相同的方式调整境内尺寸，以应对城市化。我们表明，城市避免可能需要在城市环境中捍卫更大的领土，以找到所需的所有资源，因为城市环境可能提供食物或庇护所等资源。另一方面，城市适配器在城市环境中捍卫更小的地区，因为即使是小领土也可以提供足够的资源。这些结果表明了居住城市环境的新鸟类开发的具体行为适应。

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