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首页> 外文期刊>Avian research >Developing and validating a nestling photographic aging guide for cavity-nesting birds: an example with the European Bee-eater ( Merops apiaste r)
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Developing and validating a nestling photographic aging guide for cavity-nesting birds: an example with the European Bee-eater ( Merops apiaste r)

机译：开发和验证腔嵌套鸟类的雏鸟摄影老化指南：欧洲蜜蜂 - 食者的一个例子（Merops apiaste r）

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BackgroundAccurate estimation of nestlings’ age is essential in avian demography studies as well as in population ecology and conservation. For example, it can be useful for synchronizing nest visits with events of particular interest, such as the age at which young can be safely ringed, or in choosing the best period to attain the most accurate calculation of laying or hatching dates.MethodsWe constructed a photographic guide for aging European Bee-eaters ( Merops apiaster ) nestlings to 3-day age classes and evaluated the aging method by performing a validation exercise with several observers with no previous experience in aging bee-eater nestlings.ResultsThe aging guide for bee-eater nestlings allowed estimating age to within 3?days with an average accuracy of 0.85. We found the optimal period for aging nestlings was between days 13?18 (with accuracy between 0.94 and 0.99), during which the status of feather development was more easily distinguishable from the preceding and subsequent age classes. During the first 3?days after hatching, nestlings could also be aged with high accuracy (0.93). The small size of the nestling in relation to the eggs and the nestling’s inability to raise its head during these first days allowed for good discrimination from the subsequent age class. Between days 25 and 28, nestlings were correctly aged in only half of assignments (0.55 sensitivity) and nestlings belonging to class 7 (days 7?9) were the least correctly identified (0.38 sensitivity). However, by visiting the nests at 12?days intervals it is possible to achieve the highest accuracy in age estimation with the smallest disturbance and logistic investment.ConclusionsThis study highlighted how indirect methods and a simple protocol can be established and employed to quickly estimate nestling age in cases where handling nestlings is challenging or impossible, while minimizing disturbance in and around the nest.
机译：背景深度估算雏鸟年龄在禽类人口统计学研究中至关重要，以及人口生态和保护。例如，它可以对与特定兴趣事件同步的巢次访问，例如年轻人可以安全地响起的年龄，或者在选择最佳期间以获得最准确的铺设或孵化日期的计算时..一定是构造了一个老化欧洲蜜蜂食物的摄影指南（Merops Apiaster）雏鸟到3日龄课程，并通过用几个观察者进行验证练习来评估老化方法，该观察员在老化Bee-Dreater巢穴中没有经验。蜜蜂食者的老化指南雏鸟允许估算年龄到3个小时内，平均精度为0.85。我们发现老化雏鸟的最佳期限在第13天？18之间（精度为0.94和0.99），在此期间，羽毛发育的状态更容易与前后年龄课程中的更容易区分。在孵化后的前3天，雏鸟也可以高精度（0.93）。与鸡蛋有关的雏鸟的小尺寸和雏鸟无法在这些第一天内抬起头部，允许从随后的年龄级别辨别出良好的歧视。在第25和28天之间，雏鸟仅在一半的任务（0.55个灵敏度）和属于7级（第7天？9）的雏鸟中正确识别（0.38灵敏度）。但是，通过在12日间隔前访问巢穴，可以通过最小的干扰和后勤投资来实现年龄估计的最高精度.Conclusionsthis研究突出了如何建立间接方法和简单的协议，以便快速估计雏鸟在处理雏鸟挑战或不可能的情况下，同时最大限度地减少巢穴周围的干扰。

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