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首页> 外文期刊>International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health >Health Risks and Potential Sources of Contamination of Groundwater Used by Public Schools in Vhuronga 1, Limpopo Province, South Africa
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Health Risks and Potential Sources of Contamination of Groundwater Used by Public Schools in Vhuronga 1, Limpopo Province, South Africa

机译：南非湖北省Vhuronga 1，Limpopo Province of Vhuronga省的卫生风险和潜在的地下水污染来源

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Public schools in most rural areas of South Africa depend on untreated groundwater due to unreliable water supply by the municipalities. This has the potential to cause water-related health problems to school children. Temperature, pH, and electrical conductivity (EC) were measured in situ. Chemical (fluoride, chloride, sulphate, phosphate, nitrate, magnesium, calcium, sodium, and potassium) and microbial ( Escherichia coliform (E. coli) , Salmonella typhimurium , and Shigella flexneri) water quality parameters were analysed in groundwater samples from 10 public schools in Vhuronga 1 to determine suitability for use. Quantitative microbial risk assessment was carried out to determine risks of infection and illness due to consumption of groundwater. Correlation analysis was used to identify potential sources of contamination. All physical and most chemical water quality parameters were within guidelines for domestic water use. A high proportion of schools had high levels of microbial organisms. Risks of infection per day were relatively low for all schools. The annual risks of infection due to E. coli and Shigella flexneri for most schools was high, with maximum values of 89.11 and 83.75%, respectively. Maximum risks of illness per year were 31.19, 30.37, and 29.31% for E. coli , Salmonella typhimurium , and Shigella flexneri , respectively. Correlation analysis indicated potential contamination of groundwater by agricultural activities, domestic waste, and faecal contamination from pit latrines. Preventive and mitigation measures to minimise such risks, including locating boreholes at safe distances from pit latrines, prevention/minimisation of pollution of groundwater from agricultural activities, and point-of-use treatment of groundwater by the schools are therefore essential.
机译：南非大多数农村地区的公立学校取决于市政当局的不可靠的地下水。这有可能导致儿童水有关的健康问题。以原位测量温度，pH和电导率（EC）。化学（氟化物，氯化物，硫酸盐，磷酸盐，硝酸盐，镁，钙，钠和钾）和微生物（大肠杆菌类（大肠杆菌），沙门氏菌毒蕈类，沙门氏菌蕈类和志glabersi）在10公共场所的地下水样本中分析水质参数Vhuronga的学校1确定适用性使用。进行定量微生物风险评估，以确定由于地下水消耗引起的感染和疾病风险。相关性分析用于识别潜在的污染源。所有物理和最具化学水质的参数都在国内用水的指导方针内。高比例的学校具有高水平的微生物生物。所有学校的每天感染风险相对较低。大多数学校的大肠杆菌和志贺氏菌类的年度感染风险很高，最大值分别为89.11和83.75％。每年疾病的最大风险分别为31.19,30.37和29.31％，分别为大肠杆菌，沙门氏菌伤寒毒蕈和什叶派Flexeri。相关分析表明农业活动，国内废物和坑洼污染的地下水潜在污染。最大限度地减少这种风险的预防性和缓解措施，包括在坑厕所的安全距离，预防/最小化地下水污染从农业活动的污染，以及学校的地下水的使用点治疗必不可少。

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