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Importance of landscape heterogeneity in sustaining hydrologic ecosystem services in an agricultural watershed

机译：景观异质性在农业分水岭中水文生态系统服务中的重要性

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The sustainability of hydrologic ecosystem services (freshwater benefits to people generated by terrestrial ecosystems) is challenged by human modification of landscapes. However, the role of landscape heterogeneity in sustaining hydrologic services at scales relevant to landscape management decisions is poorly understood. In particular, the relative importance of landscape composition (type and proportion of land cover) and configuration (spatial arrangement of cover types) is unclear. We analyzed indicators of production of three hydrologic services (freshwater supply, surface and ground water quality) in 100 subwatersheds in an urbanizing agricultural landscape (Yahara Watershed, Wisconsin, USA) and asked: (1) How do landscape composition and configuration affect supply of hydrologic services (i.e., does spatial pattern matter)? (2) Are there opportunities for small changes in landscape pattern to produce large gains in hydrologic services? Landscape composition and configuration both affected supply of hydrologic services, but composition was consistently more important than configuration for all three services. Together landscape composition and configuration explained more variation in indicators of surface‐water quality than in freshwater supply or groundwater quality (Nagelkerke/adjusted R ~(2): 86%, 64%, and 39%, respectively). Surface‐water quality was negatively correlated with percent cropland and positively correlated with percent forest, grassland and wetland. In addition, surface‐water quality was greater in subwatersheds with higher wetland patch density, disaggregated forest patches and lower contagion. Surface‐water quality responded nonlinearly to percent cropland and wetland, with greater water quality where cropland covered below 60% and/or wetland above 6% of the subwatershed. Freshwater supply was negatively correlated with percent wetland and urban cover, and positively correlated with urban edge density. Groundwater quality was negatively correlated with percent cropland and grassland, and configuration variables were unimportant. Collectively, our study suggests that altering spatial arrangement of land cover will not be sufficient to enhance hydrologic services in an agricultural landscape. Rather, the relative abundance of land cover may need to change to improve hydrologic services. Targeting subwatersheds near the cropland or wetland thresholds may offer local opportunities to enhance surface‐water quality with minimal land‐cover change.
机译：水文生态系统服务的可持续性（陆地生态系统产生的淡水益处）受到景观的挑战。然而，景观异质性在与景观管理决策相关的尺度维持水文服务方面的作用很差。特别地，景观组合物（陆地覆盖的类型和比例）和配置（覆盖类型的空间排列）的相对重要性尚不清楚。我们分析了在城市化农业景观（Yahara Watershed，Wisconsin，USA）中的100个副过程中生产了三种水文服务（淡水供应，表面和地面水质）的指标，并询问：（1）景观组成和配置如何影响供应水文服务（即空间模式物质）？ （2）是否有机会在水文服务中产生大量收益的景观模式的小变化？景观构图和配置都影响了水文服务的供应，但组成始终如一，而不是所有三种服务的配置。景观组成和配置在一起的表面水质指示剂的变化比淡水供应或地下水质量（Nagelkerke /调整R〜（2）分别分别为86％，64％和39％）。表面水质与农田百分比呈负相关，与森林，草原和湿地呈正相关。此外，具有较高湿地贴剂密度，分烧的森林斑块和较低的传染率，表面水质在副水中更大。地表水质非线性地反应了农田和湿地的百分比，具有更大的水质，田间覆盖60％和/或湿地以上的6％的河底。淡水供应与湿地和城市覆盖物百分比呈负相关，并与城市边缘密度呈正相关。地下水质量与农田和草原百分比呈负相关，配置变量不重要。我们的研究表明，改变土地覆盖的空间安排将不足以提高农业景观中的水文服务。相反，陆地覆盖的相对丰富可能需要改变以改善水文服务。针对农田或湿地门槛附近的亚流域可以提供当地的机会，以提高地表水质，陆地覆盖变化最小。

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