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首页> 外文期刊>Ecosphere >Spatial ecology of long‐tailed ducks and white‐winged scoters wintering on Nantucket Shoals
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Spatial ecology of long‐tailed ducks and white‐winged scoters wintering on Nantucket Shoals

机译：长尾鸭子的空间生态和白翅苏格兰州在楠塔基斯浅滩越冬

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We examine the long‐term co‐occurrence of long‐tailed ducks (Clangula hyemalis ) and white‐winged scoters (Melanitta fusca ) wintering at the Nantucket Shoals off Massachusetts, USA , and ask: (1) What oceanographic features attract these aggregations? (2) How are distributions of prey and sea ducks related to one another? and (3) What is the explanation for the spatial association between these two species? A winter concentration of long‐tailed ducks on the order of 3?×?10~(5)birds have been present near Nantucket Island and the Nantucket Shoals since the 1970s, and there is evidence of some concentration there since the late 1800s. Despite the difference in diet, the two duck species overlap in spatial distribution in relation to a prominent tidal front on the west side of Nantucket Shoals where nested swarms of pelagic amphipods and massive clam beds occur in persistent broadscale concentrations.Gammarid amphipods were collected seasonally by bongo tows over 39?yr (1977–2016), and Atlantic surf clams and ocean quahogs were collected by hydraulic dredge over a 34‐yr timescale (1982–2016). Long‐tailed ducks and white‐winged scoters were counted during systematic low‐level aerial surveys. Both long‐tailed ducks and white‐winged scoters associated with amphipod and clam aggregations at similar scales, and tracked amphipod and clam concentrations at larger spatial scales, up to ~30?km. These multi‐scalar nested associations suggest that the sea ducks foraged within a hierarchical patch system structured by the tidal regime, and concentrated in areas of spatially anchored recurring prey, with highest densities in southwest areas. Enhanced concentrations of prey within a relatively narrow zone on Nantucket Shoals provide a predictable food resource to wintering sea ducks whose populations are in decline. As supported by our generalized additive models, we propose that the positive spatial associations among these species are at least partly explained by local enhancement or facilitation, whereby each species of duck derives foraging benefit from noting the location of aggregations of the other. This interaction will be important to the designation of marine protected areas.
机译：我们研究长期的长尾鸭子（ clangula hyemalis）和白翅苏格兰州（ melanitta fusca）越冬，在马萨诸塞州的Nantucket shoals越冬，并问：（1）什么海洋学特征吸引这些聚合？ （2）彼此相关的猎物和海鸭的分布如何？ （3）这两个物种之间的空间关联的解释是什么？冬季浓度的长尾鸭大约3？×10〜（5）鸟类在楠塔克特岛和自20世纪70年代以来的楠塔基特浅滩附近存在，并且自19世纪后期以来存在一些浓度。尽管饮食有所不同，但两只鸭种在空间分布中，在楠塔基特浅滩西侧的一个着名的潮汐分布中重叠，其中嵌套的植物群和巨大的蛤蜊床在持久的广场浓度下发生。γAmphipods通过39多次季节收集，超过39？YR（1977-2016）和大西洋冲浪蛤蜊​​和海洋Quahog通过液压挖泥船收集34 yr时间段（1982-2016）。在系统的低水平空中调查期间，长尾鸭和白翅苏格兰州被计算。两种长尾鸭和白翅域与Amphipod和Clam聚集在类似的鳞片相关，并且在较大的空间尺度上跟踪的两栖和蛤浓度，高达〜30？Km。这些多标标嵌套关联表明，海鸭在由潮汐制度构成的分层贴片系统内觅食，并集中在空间锚固的重复捕食区域，具有最高的西南地区密度。在楠塔基斯浅层区内增强捕捞的浓度，为越冬的海鸭提供了可预测的食物资源，其群体正在下降。正如我们推广的添加剂模型所支持的那样，我们建议这些物种之间的正空间关联至少部分地通过局部增强或促进来解释，从而从而从注意到另一个物种的鸭子获得福利。这种互动对海洋保护区的指定是重要的。

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