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The search for sexually antagonistic genes: Practical insights from studies of local adaptation and statistical genomics

机译：寻求性拮抗基因：局部适应和统计基因组学研究的实用见解

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Sexually antagonistic (SA) genetic variation—in which alleles favored in one sex are disfavored in the other—is predicted to be common and has been documented in several animal and plant populations, yet we currently know little about its pervasiveness among species or its population genetic basis. Recent applications of genomics in studies of SA genetic variation have highlighted considerable methodological challenges to the identification and characterization of SA genes, raising questions about the feasibility of genomic approaches for inferring SA selection. The related fields of local adaptation and statistical genomics have previously dealt with similar challenges, and lessons from these disciplines can therefore help overcome current difficulties in applying genomics to study SA genetic variation. Here, we integrate theoretical and analytical concepts from local adaptation and statistical genomics research—including F ST and F IS statistics, genome‐wide association studies, pedigree analyses, reciprocal transplant studies, and evolve‐and‐resequence experiments—to evaluate methods for identifying SA genes and genome‐wide signals of SA genetic variation. We begin by developing theoretical models for between‐sex F ST and F IS, including explicit null distributions for each statistic, and using them to critically evaluate putative multilocus signals of sex‐specific selection in previously published datasets. We then highlight new statistics that address some of the limitations of F ST and F IS, along with applications of more direct approaches for characterizing SA genetic variation, which incorporate explicit fitness measurements. We finish by presenting practical guidelines for the validation and evolutionary analysis of candidate SA genes and discussing promising empirical systems for future work.
机译：性拮抗症（SA）遗传变异 - 在另一个性别中受到的等位基因在另一个性中不受欢迎 - 预计是常见的，并且已经在几种动物和植物种群中记载，但我们目前对物种或其人口的普遍性知之甚少遗传基础。基因组学在SA遗传变异研究中的应用突出了对SA基因的鉴定和表征的相当大的方法论挑战，提高了关于基因组方法的可行性来推断出选择的问题。本地适应和统计基因组学的相关领域先前已经处理了类似的挑战，因此来自这些学科的教训可以帮助克服当前在应用基因组学研究SA遗传变异的困难。在这里，我们从局部适应和统计基因组学研究中整合了理论和分析概念 - 包括F ST和F是统计，基因组关联研究，血统分析，互惠移植研究以及演变和重新升级实验 - 评估识别方法SA基因和基因组的SA遗传变异信号。我们首先开发性别之间的理论模型f st和f，包括每个统计数据的显式空分布，并使用它们来批判性地评估先前发布的数据集中特定的性别选择的推定多点信号。然后，我们突出了解决F ST和F的一些限制的新统计数据以及更直接方法的应用，用于表征SA遗传变异，这包括明确的健身测量。我们通过呈现实用指南，为候选SA基因的验证和进化分析以及讨论未来工作的有前途的实证系统。

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