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Sourcing and Automation of Political News and Information During Three European Elections

机译：三个欧洲选举中的政治新闻和信息的采购与自动化

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Voters increasingly rely on social media for news and information about politics. But increasingly, social media has emerged as a fertile soil for deliberately produced misinformation campaigns, conspiracy, and extremist alternative media. How does the sourcing of political news and information define contemporary political communication in different countries in Europe? To understand what users are sharing in their political communication, we analyzed large volumes of political conversation over a major social media platform—in real-time and native languages during campaign periods—for three major European elections. Rather than chasing a definition of what has come to be known as “fake news,” we produce a grounded typology of what users actually shared and apply rigorous coding and content analysis to define the types of sources, compare them in context with known forms of political news and information, and contrast their circulation patterns in France, the United Kingdom, and Germany. Based on this analysis, we offer a definition of “junk news” that refers to deliberately produced misleading, deceptive, and incorrect propaganda purporting to be real news. In the first multilingual, cross-national comparison of junk news sourcing and consumption over social media, we analyze over 4 million tweets from three elections and find that (1) users across Europe shared substantial amounts of junk news in varying qualities and quantities, (2) amplifier accounts drive low to medium levels of traffic and news sharing, and (3) Europeans still share large amounts of professionally produced information from media outlets, but other traditional sources of political information including political parties and government agencies are in decline.
机译：选民越来越依赖社交媒体，了解政治的新闻和信息。但越来越多地，社会媒体被出现为肥沃的土壤，以便故意制作错误信息，阴谋和极端主义的替代媒体。如何采购政治新闻和信息如何在欧洲的不同国家定义当代政治沟通？要了解用户在政治交流中分享的内容，我们在竞选期间分析了主要的社交媒体平台上的大量政治谈话 - 在竞选期间 - 为三大欧洲选举。而不是追逐对被称为“假新闻”的定义，我们产生了实际共享的接地类型，并应用了严格的编码和内容分析来定义源的类型，以已知形式的上下文比较它们政治新闻和信息，对比法国，英国和德国的流通模式。在此分析的基础上，我们提供了“垃圾新闻”的定义，指的是故意产生误导，欺骗性，以及声称是真正的新闻的不正确的宣传。在第一次多语言，跨国公司对社交媒体消费和消费的跨国比较，我们分析了三次选举的推文，并发现（1）欧洲的用户在不同的品质和数量中分享了大量的垃圾新闻，（ 2）放大器账户驱动到中等交通和新闻共享的中等级别，（3）欧洲人仍然分享大量专业生产来自媒体网点的信息，但其他传统的政治信息来源包括政党和政府机构在内跌幅。

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