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首页> 外文期刊>Toxicology Reports >Smokeless tobacco induced biophysical and biochemical alterations in the plasma, erythrocytes, and platelets of panmasala users: Subsequent biological effects
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Smokeless tobacco induced biophysical and biochemical alterations in the plasma, erythrocytes, and platelets of panmasala users: Subsequent biological effects

机译：无烟烟草诱导血浆，红细胞和泛膜血小板的生物物理和生化改变：随后的生物效应

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Aim & background Smokeless tobacco (SLT) products are extensively consumed throughout the world including India. These products act as the primary addictive agents, due to the presence of nicotine among other tobacco products to humans and animals and its quitting is difficult. Higher the exposure of SLT products more is the toxic effects and alterations in erythrocytes and platelets. Objectives The products of smokeless tobacco could cause increase in the concentrations of oxidants (free radicals), decrease the activities antioxidant enzymes, activate the process of programmed cell death through enhanced expression of inducible nitric oxide synthase. Smokeless tobacco products represent a major modifiable risk factor for the development of redox imbalance through the enhanced production of reactive oxygen species and diminished activities of antioxidant enzymes in plasma, bio-membranes of erythrocytes, and platelets and induction of apoptosis in the blood. Materials and methods The protein expression of inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) was studied by western blot and gene expression of apoptotic proteins, tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α), interleukin-6 (IL-6) was evaluated by RT-PCR technique. Membrane fluidity of erythrocytes and platelets was studied by the fluorescence method. Results The results of the present study revealed that significantly elevated levels of iNOS enzyme in plasma, erythrocyte, and platelet membranes of panmasala users. We found that gene expression levels of Bclsub2/sub, Bax, IL-6, caspase proteins (Caspase 8, Caspase 10, and Caspase 12) are greater and decreased levels of TNF-α with no significant change in blood of smokeless tobacco users in comparison with normal controls. In addition, there were substantial significantly higher in concentrations of nicotine, cotinine, and epinephrine in the plasma of panmasala users than non-tobacco users. Panmasala can be caused a significant increase in nitroxidative stress marker (LPO, NO, and ONOOsup?/sup) values and significant decrease in the levels of antioxidant enzymes in erythrocytes and platelets. Conclusion On the basis of the present study results, it may be concluded that the chronic use of panmasala than any smokeless tobacco products may be a contributory risk factor or may give conclusive idea and has been associated with the expansion of the development of structural and functional alterations in the erythrocyte and platelet membranes induced oxidative damage and apoptosis, possibly further enhanced by nicotine and tobacco-specific N-nitrosamines. SLT exposure had implicated a threat and enormous implications on public health and is required to prove that may not be viewed as a safe alternative to any tobacco products.
机译：AIM和背景无烟烟草（SLT）产品在全球范围内广泛消耗，包括印度。由于其他烟草产品在人类和动物中存在尼古丁，这些产品充当原发性上瘾者。 SLT产品的暴露越高，红细胞和血小板中的毒性效应和变化。目的是无烟烟草的产品可能导致氧化剂浓度增加（自由基），减少活性抗氧化酶，通过增强诱导型一氧化氮合酶的表达激活编程细胞死亡的过程。无烟烟草制品代表了通过增强的活性氧物种生产和血浆生物膜的抗氧化酶减少，血液中的血浆，生物膜的生物膜和血液中细胞凋亡的抗氧化酶的活性减少的主要可改善危险因素。通过蛋白质印迹和凋亡蛋白的蛋白质印迹和基因表达研究了诱导型一氧化氮合酶（InOS）的蛋白质表达，通过RT-评估了肿瘤坏死因子-α（TNF-α），白细胞介素-6（IL-6）。 PCR技术。通过荧光法研究了红细胞和血小板的膜流动性。结果本研究结果表明，胰腺癌用户的血浆，红细胞和血小板膜中的INOS酶水平显着升高。我们发现Bcl 2 ，Bax，IL-6，胱天蛋白酶蛋白（Caspase 8，Caspase 10和Caspase 12）的基因表达水平更大，降低TNF-α水平，没有显着变化无烟烟草用户的血液与正常对照相比。此外，尼古丁，胞苷和胰岛素中的胰腺炎血浆中的浓度显着高于非烟草用户。胰腺癌可以在红细胞和血小板中显着增加硝基氧化应激标记物（LPO，NO和ONOO β）值和显着降低抗氧化酶水平。结论在本研究结果的基础上，可能会得出结论，胰腺慢性使用比任何无烟烟草产品都可能是一个缴费的危险因素，或者可能会产生决定性的想法，并与扩大结构和功能的发展有关红细胞和血小板膜的改变诱导氧化损伤和细胞凋亡，可能通过尼古丁和烟草特异性N-亚硝胺进一步增强。 SLT曝光对公共卫生有威胁和巨大影响，并且需要证明可能不会被视为任何烟草产品的安全替代品。

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