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Scientists' warning on endangered food webs

机译：科学家在濒危食物网上警告

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All organisms are ultimately dependent on a large diversity of consumptive and non-consumptive interactions established with other organisms, forming an intricate web of interdependencies. In 1992, when 1700 concerned scientists issued the first “World Scientists' Warning to Humanity”, our understanding of such interaction networks was still in its infancy. By simultaneously considering the species (nodes) and the links that glue them together into functional communities, the study of modern food webs – or more generally ecological networks – has brought us closer to a predictive community ecology. Scientists have now observed, manipulated, and modelled the assembly and the collapse of food webs under various global change stressors and identified common patterns. Most stressors, such as increasing temperature, biological invasions, biodiversity loss, habitat fragmentation, over-exploitation, have been shown to simplify food webs by concentrating energy flow along fewer pathways, threatening long-term community persistence. More worryingly, it has been shown that communities can abruptly change from highly diverse to simplified stable states with little or no warning. Altogether, evidence shows that apart from the challenge of tackling climate change and hampering the extinction of threatened species, we need urgent action to tackle large-scale biological change and specifically to protect food webs, as we are under the risk of pushing entire ecosystems outside their safe zones. At the same time, we need to gain a better understanding of the global-scale synergies and trade-offs between climate change and biological change. Here we highlight the most pressing challenges for the conservation of natural food webs and recent advances that might help us addressing such challenges.
机译：所有生物最终都依赖于与其他生物建立的大量消耗和非消耗性相互作用，形成复杂的相互依赖性。 1992年，当1700名有关科学家向人类发出第一个“世界科学家的警告”时，我们对这种互动网络的理解仍处于起步阶段。通过同时考虑物种（节点）和将它们一起粘合到功能社区的群体，对现代食品网的研究 - 或者更普遍的生态网络 - 已将我们更接近预测的社区生态学。现在，科学家们已经观察到，在各种全球变化压力源下被操纵和建模了装配和食物网的崩溃，并确定了普通模式。大多数压力源，例如越来越多的温度，生物侵犯，生物多样性损失，栖息地破碎，过度剥削，通过集中能量流量沿着较少的途径，威胁长期社区持久性来简化食物网。更令人担忧的是，已经表明社区可能从高度多样化到简化的稳定状态，很少或没有警告。总而言之，证据表明，除了处理气候变化和妨碍受威胁物种的灭绝的挑战之外，我们需要紧急行动来解决大规模的生物变化，特别是保护食物网，因为我们受到外面推动整个生态系统的风险他们的安全区域。与此同时，我们需要更好地了解气候变化与生物变革之间的全球范围协同作用和权衡。在这里，我们突出了保护天然食品网的最紧迫挑战以及最近的进展，可能有助于我们解决这些挑战。

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