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Titanium carbide ceramic nanocrystals to enhance the physicochemical properties of natural rubber composites

机译：碳化钛陶瓷纳米晶体，增强天然橡胶复合材料的物理化学性质

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The mechanical strength of natural rubber (NR) was enhanced by incorporating novel titanium carbide (TiC) nanocrystals as a filling material. The rubber nanocomposites were prepared through mixing TiC nanoparticles with NR latex and the resulting NR/TiC masterbatch was further mixed at the solid stage with other chemicals via internal mixing. The final rubber composites prepared using TiC as the nanofiller were denoted as NR/TiC-0, NR/TiC-0.5, NR/TiC-1.0, NR/TiC-2.5, and NR/TiC-5.0; moreover, a comparative study was conducted using carbon black (CB-330) as the filler and the composites were denoted as NR/CB-1.0 and NR/CB-5.0. As per the results of tensile tests, the NR/TiC-1.0 composite revealed the highest tensile value of 31.13 MPa and this indicated improvement by 92% compared to that of the control (NR/TiC-0 (16.22 MPa)); moreover, it indicated improvements by 73% and 63% compared to the values of NR/CB-1.0 and NR/CB-5.0, respectively. Moreover, scanning electron microscopy (SEM) analysis revealed a better dispersion of the NR/TiC-1.0 composite compared to the other composites. Furthermore, dynamic mechanical analysis (DMA) was conducted to observe the energy storage and loss properties at dynamic conditions; the results revealed that the highest storage peak and lowest loss peak were observed for the NR/TiC-1.0 composite. Also, thermogravimetric analysis revealed the superior thermal stability of the NR/TiC-1.0 composite to that of the others at the NR degradation temperature of around 400 °C. Importantly, the curing time ( t _(90) ) of NR/TiC-1.0 was reduced considerably compared to that of the other composites even the NR/CB composites, which would be beneficial for industries to save energy at the curing stages of tire-like applications. The improvements were significant when compared to the industrially well-known NR/CB composites and well above the industrially required minimum parameters of the tire industry. Ultimately, this will open up a distinct avenue for natural rubber reinforcement.
机译：通过将新的碳化钛（TiC）纳米晶体作为填充材料掺入碳化钛（TiC）纳米晶体来增强天然橡胶（NR）的机械强度。通过将具有NR乳胶的TiC纳米颗粒混合制备橡胶纳米复合材料，通过内部混合将所得的NR / TIC母料进一步与其他化学品在固体阶段混合。使用TiC作为纳米填充物制备的最终橡胶复合材料表示为NR / TIC-0，NR / TIC-0.5，NR / TIC-1.0，NR / TIC-2.5和NR / TIC-5.0;此外，使用炭黑（CB-330）作为填料的对比研究，并且复合材料表示为NR / CB-1.0和NR / CB-5.0。根据拉伸试验的结果，NR / TIC-1.0复合材料显示出31.13MPa的最高拉伸值，与对照（NR / TIC-0（16.22MPa））相比，该表明提高了92％;此外，与NR / CB-1.0和NR / CB-5.0的值相比，它表明改善了73％和63％。此外，扫描电子显微镜（SEM）分析显示与其他复合材料相比，NR / TIC-1.0复合材料的更好分散。此外，进行动态机械分析（DMA）以观察动态条件下的能量储存和损耗性能;结果表明，对于NR / TIC-1.0复合材料，观察到最高的储存峰值和最低损耗峰。此外，热重分析显示NR / TIC-1.0复合材料的卓越热稳定性在NR降解温度约为400℃的NR降解温度下。重要的是，与NR / CB复合材料的其他复合材料相比，NR / TIC-1.0的固化时间（T _（90））显着降低，即使是NR / CB复合材料，这对于在轮胎固化阶段节省能量的行业是有益的-like应用程序。与工业上众所周知的NR / CB复合材料相比，在工业上需要高于轮胎工业的最小参数时，改善是显着的。最终，这将为天然橡胶增强件开辟一个不同的大道。

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