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Heavy metal induced stress on wheat: phytotoxicity and microbiological management

机译：小麦的重金属诱导应力：植物毒性和微生物管理

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Among many soil problems, heavy metal accumulation is one of the major agronomic challenges that has seriously threatened food safety. Due to these problems, soil biologists/agronomists in recent times have also raised concerns over heavy metal pollution, which indeed are unpleasantly affecting agro-ecosystems and crop production. The toxic heavy metals once deposited beyond certain permissible limits, obnoxiously affect the density, composition and physiological activities of microbiota, dynamics and fertility of soil leading eventually to reduction in wheat production and via food chain, human and animal health. Therefore, the metal induced phytotoxicity problems warrant urgent and immediate attention so that the physiological activities of microbes, nutrient pool of soils and concurrently the production of wheat are preserved and maintained in a constantly deteriorating environment. To mitigate the magnitude of metal induced changes, certain microorganisms have been identified, especially those belonging to the plant growth promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR) group endowed with the distinctive property of heavy metal tolerance and exhibiting unique plant growth promoting potentials. When applied, such metal-tolerant PGPR have shown variable positive impact on wheat production, even in soils contaminated with metals, by supplying macro and micro nutrients and secreting active biomolecules like EPS, melanins and metallothionein (MTs). Despite some reports here and there, the phytotoxicity of metals to wheat and how wheat production in metal-stressed soil can be enhanced is poorly explained. Thus, an attempt is made in this review to better understand the mechanistic basis of metal toxicity to wheat, and how such phytotoxicity can be mitigated by incorporating microbiological remediation strategies in wheat cultivation practices. The information provided here is likely to benefit wheat growers and consequently optimize wheat production inexpensively under stressed soils.
机译：在许多土壤问题中，重金属积累是严重威胁食品安全的主要农艺挑战之一。由于这些问题，土壤生物学家/农学学家近来也提出了对重金属污染的担忧，这确实是令人难以释放的影响农业生态系统和作物生产。毒性重金属一旦沉积在某些允许的限度之外，令人讨厌地影响微生物群的密度，组成和生理活性，最终导致土壤的肥力，动力学和生育能力，以减少小麦生产和食物链，人类和动物健康。因此，金属诱导的植物毒性问题需要紧急和立即关注，以至于微生物的生理活性，养分土壤和同时生产小麦的产量并保持在不断恶化的环境中。为了减轻金属诱导的变化的幅度，已经确定了某些微生物，尤其是属于植物生长的那些促进植物生长的促进流动杆菌（PGPR）组，赋予了重金属耐受性的独特性，并且表现出独特的植物生长促进潜力。当施用时，即使在用金属污染的土壤中，这种金属耐受性PGPR也通过供应宏观和微量营养和分泌活性生物分子，如EPS，黑色素和金属硫蛋白（MTS）。尽管这里有一些报道，但是，金属对小麦的植物毒性以及如何增强金属胁迫土壤中的小麦产量较差。因此，在本综述中进行了尝试，以更好地了解金属毒性对小麦的机制基础，以及如何通过在小麦栽培实践中掺入微生物修复策略来减轻这种植物毒性。这里提供的信息可能会使小麦种植者受益，因此在压力的土壤下廉价地优化小麦生产。

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