High temperature (HT), considered a daily average temperature (Tave) ≥ 30 °C or a daily maximum temperature (Tmax) ≥ 35 °C, during the heading-flowering period affects single-season rice production in Jiangxi Province, southeast China, and the temporal and spatial changes of HT are not yet clear in this province. Here, the meteorological data of 85 national weather stations from 1981 to 2017 were used to explore the temporal and spatial changes of HT. In addition, the effects of HT during the heading-flowering period on yield and spikelet fertility of single-season rice were investigated. Our results showed that HT in single-season rice occurred every year from 1981 to 2017. Tave, Tmax, and HT hazard events (HT for ≥ three consecutive days) increased after 2003, with severe HT (HT for ≥ eight consecutive days) increasing significantly. In addition, a greater number of HT hazard events were mainly distributed in the middle and northeast area of Jiangxi. HT mainly occurred from July 11 to August 10, and severe HT occurred more frequently from July 21 to July 31. It is worth noting that there were strong negative correlations between spikelet fertility and Tave, days of Tave ≥ 30 °C, and days of Tmax ≥ 35 °C. Thus, these results should be considered for establishing effective strategies to mitigate rice HT hazard under global climate change.
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