Based on the data of China Labor Statistical Yearbook, this paper analyzes the characteristics of the labor population structure and human capital accumulation by industry, and finds that the labor population structure presents the following characteristics: (1) the Labour force is concentrated in service industry; (2) the proportion of labor force in emerging and high skilled industries is small; (3) there is age structure differentiation among industries. The accumulation of human capital is characterized by: (1) a shortage of human capital accumulation in productive industries; (2) a large gap in human capital accumulation in different industries. Therefore, no matter from the perspective of labor population structure or human capital accumulation, there are some structural differentiation problems among different industries, which is directly related to the enjoyment of second demographic dividend. Therefore, we must pay attention to the structural differentiation of labor population distribution and human capital accumulation among industries, and improve the education and training system, employment security system, labor mobility system as well as social security system, so as to eliminate the second demographic dividend barrier caused by structural differentiation.
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