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Effects of Baby Schema and Mere Exposure on Explicit and Implicit Face Processing

机译：婴儿架构和曝光对明确和隐式面部处理的影响

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In an increasingly multicultural society, the way people perceive individuals from the same vs different ethnic groups greatly affects their own and societal well-being. Two psychological effects that influence these perceptions are the Mere-Exposure Effect (MRE), wherein familiarity with certain objects or persons suffices for people to develop a preference for them and the Baby Schema (BS), a set of specific facial features that evoke caregiving behaviors and an affective orientation in adults. In the present study, we aimed to investigate whether these two effects play a role in physiological responses to babies’ vs adults’ faces belonging to participants’ in-group vs out-group. In study 1, the pupillary diameter of 62 Caucasian participants (M=31; F=31) who observed adult and infant faces of different ethnic groups (Caucasian, Chinese) was measured. In study 2, brain waves of 38 Caucasian participants (M=19; F=19), who observed the same set of faces, were recorded using EEG. In both studies, adults’ explicit preferences (i.e., attitudes) towards faces were assessed using questionnaires. In Study 1, females showed greater attention to infant than adult faces (BS-effect) in both pupils, regardless of the ethnic group of the face. By contrast, males attended to infant more than adult faces for out-group faces only (BS effect). In Study 2, greater left posterior-parietal alpha activation towards out-group compared to in-group adult faces was found in males (MRE). Participants with a low BS effect towards in-group baby faces exhibited greater left posterior alpha activation to out-group than in-group baby faces (MRE). These findings reveal how different levels of sensitivity to in-group infants may moderate perceptions of both in-group and out-group babyfaces. Questionnaire measures on attitudes showed that males and females preferred in-group to out-group adult faces (MRE). Participants in Study 2 also reported a greater preference for infants’ than adults’ faces (BS effect). These findings explicate the roles of gender and the Baby Schema effect in moderating implicit processing of in-group and out-group faces, despite their lack in moderating explicit reports. Contradictory findings at the implicit (physiological) and explicit (self-report) levels suggest that differential processing of faces may occur at a non-conscious level.
机译：在一个日益多元文化的社会中，人们感知人的方式与不同的族裔不同的种族群体大大影响了自己和社会福祉。影响这些感知的两个心理效应是仅暴露的效果（MRE），其中熟悉某些物体或人员足以为人们开发对他们和婴儿架构（BS）的偏好，这是一种唤起护理的特定面部特征成人的行为和情感方向。在本研究中，我们旨在调查这两种影响是否在生理反应对婴儿的与参与者的群体中的母亲与群体的影响中发挥着作用。在研究1中，衡量了观察不同族裔群体（白种人，中文）的成人和婴儿面临成人和婴儿面孔的62个白种人参与者（M = 31; F = 31）的瞳孔直径。在研究2中，使用EEG记录观察相同一组面部的38个白种人参与者（M = 19; F = 19）的脑波。在两项研究中，使用问卷评估成人对面部的明确偏好（即态度）。在研究1中，女性对幼儿的婴儿比成人面（BS-效应）更加重视，无论面部的族裔群体如何。相比之下，男性对婴儿的婴儿仅仅是成人面部的婴儿，仅供参数面孔（BS效应）。在研究2中，与群体（MRE）中发现，与群体成人面相比，更大的留下后神经α激活朝向群体。 BS型婴儿脸部效应低的参与者表现出更大的左后α激活，而不是小组婴儿面孔（MRE）。这些发现揭示了对群体婴儿的敏感程度的不同程度可能适中，对群体和外部婴儿幼苗的感知。问卷态度态度措施表明，男性和女性首选群体成人面（MRE）。研究中的参与者2还报告了对比成人的面孔（BS效应）的婴儿更偏好。这些调查结果阐述了性别和婴儿架构效应的作用，以便在群体内部和out-Group面临的内隐处理时，尽管他们缺乏调节明确报告。隐含（生理）和明确（自我报告）水平的矛盾发现表明面部的差异处理可能发生在非意识水平。

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