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Habitat segregation of plate phenotypes in a rapidly expanding population of three‐spined stickleback

机译：三翼岩袋迅速扩大群体中板表型的栖息地分离

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Declines of large predatory fish due to overexploitation are restructuring food webs across the globe. It is now becoming evident that restoring these altered food webs requires addressing not only ecological processes, but evolutionary ones as well, because human‐induced rapid evolution may in turn affect ecological dynamics. We studied the potential for niche differentiation between different plate armor phenotypes in a rapidly expanding population of a small prey fish, the three‐spined stickleback (Gasterosteus aculeatus ). In the central Baltic Sea, three‐spined stickleback abundance has increased dramatically during the past decades. The increase in this typical mesopredator has restructured near‐shore food webs, increased filamentous algal blooms, and threatens coastal biodiversity. Time‐series data covering 22?years show that the increase coincides with a decline in the number of juvenile perch (Perca fluviatilis ), the most abundant predator of stickleback along the coast. We investigated the distribution of different stickleback plate armor phenotypes depending on latitude, environmental conditions, predator and prey abundances, nutrients, and benthic production; and described the stomach content of the stickleback phenotypes using metabarcoding. We found two distinct lateral armor plate phenotypes of stickleback, incompletely and completely plated. The proportion of incompletely plated individuals increased with increasing benthic production and decreasing abundances of adult perch. Metabarcoding showed that the stomach content of the completely plated individuals more often contained invertebrate herbivores (amphipods) than the incompletely plated ones. Since armor plates are defense structures favored by natural selection in the presence of fish predators, the phenotype distribution suggests that a novel low‐predation regime favors stickleback with less armor. Our results suggest that morphological differentiation of the three‐spined stickleback has the potential to affect food web dynamics and influence the persistence and resilience of the stickleback take‐over in the Baltic Sea.
机译：由于过度开光导致的大型掠食性鱼的下降正在重组全球的食物网。它现在变得明显，恢复这些改变的食物网需要不仅解决生态过程，而且还需要进化，因为人类诱发的快速进化可能反过来影响生态动态。我们研究了不同板甲骨质表型之间的利基差异化的潜力，这是一种小猎物鱼类的迅速扩大的人口，三翼的汗背（加气穴）。在波罗的海中央海洋中，过去几十年来，三个刺绣的钢倾覆丰富在急剧增加。这个典型的中间型器皿的增加有重组近岸食品网，增加了丝状藻类盛开，并威胁着沿海生物多样性。时间序列数据覆盖22？岁月表明，随着少年鲈鱼（ Perca Fluviatilis）的数量下降，沿着海岸的钢汗中最丰富的捕食者，增加一致。我们调查了不同汗背板装甲表型的分布，取决于纬度，环境条件，捕食者和猎物丰富，营养素和底栖生产;并描述使用Metabarcoding的胃背面表型的胃含量。我们发现了两个不同的侧向护甲板表术的棘爪，不完全和完全电镀。随着成年鲈鱼的弯曲产量增加和降低丰富，不完全电镀个体的比例增加。 Metabarcoding表明，完全电镀个体的胃含量更常见于无脊椎动物的异发明（Amphipods）而不是未完全镀的异常。由于装甲板是在鱼类捕食者存在下通过自然选择青睐的防御结构，因此表型分布表明，一种新的低掠夺制度令人欣赏较少的盔甲。我们的研究结果表明，三翼棘爪的形态学分化有可能影响食物Web动态，并影响波罗的海中斯蒂格拉克拉的持久性和恢复力。

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