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Emergence of a Plant Pathogen in Europe Associated with Multiple Intercontinental Introductions

机译：与多个洲际介绍相关的欧洲植物病原体的出现

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Pathogen introductions have led to numerous disease outbreaks in naive regions of the globe. The plant pathogen Xylella fastidiosa has been associated with various recent epidemics in Europe affecting agricultural crops, such as almond, grapevine, and olive, but also endemic species occurring in natural forest landscapes and ornamental plants. We compared whole-genome sequences of X. fastidiosa subspecies multiplex from America and strains associated with recent outbreaks in southern Europe to infer their likely origins and paths of introduction within and between the two continents. Phylogenetic analyses indicated multiple introductions of X. fastidiosa subspecies multiplex into Italy, Spain, and France, most of which emerged from a clade with limited genetic diversity with a likely origin in California, USA. The limited genetic diversity observed in X. fastidiosa subspecies multiplex strains originating from California is likely due to the clade itself being an introduction from X. fastidiosa subspecies multiplex populations in the southeastern United States, where this subspecies is most likely endemic. Despite the genetic diversity found in some areas in Europe, there was no clear evidence of recombination occurring among introduced X. fastidiosa strains in Europe. Sequence type taxonomy, based on multilocus sequence typing (MLST), was shown, at least in one case, to not lead to monophyletic clades of this pathogen; whole-genome sequence data were more informative in resolving the history of introductions than MLST data. Although additional data are necessary to carefully tease out the paths of these recent dispersal events, our results indicate that whole-genome sequence data should be considered when developing management strategies for X. fastidiosa outbreaks.IMPORTANCE Xylella fastidiosa is an economically important plant-pathogenic bacterium that has emerged as a pathogen of global importance associated with a devastating epidemic in olive trees in Italy associated with X. fastidiosa subspecies pauca and other outbreaks in Europe, such as X. fastidiosa subspecies fastidiosa and X. fastidiosa subspecies multiplex in Spain and X. fastidiosa subspecies multiplex in France. We present evidence of multiple introductions of X. fastidiosa subspecies multiplex , likely from the United States, into Spain, Italy, and France. These introductions illustrate the risks associated with the commercial trade of plant material at global scales and the need to develop effective policy to limit the likelihood of pathogen pollution into naive regions. Our study demonstrates the need to utilize whole-genome sequence data to study X. fastidiosa introductions at outbreak stages, since a limited number of genetic markers does not provide sufficient phylogenetic resolution to determine dispersal paths or relationships among strains that are of biological and quarantine relevance.
机译：病原体引入导致全球天真地区的众多疾病爆发。植物病原体Xylella fastidiosa与欧洲的各种近期流行病有关，影响农业作物，如杏仁，葡萄和橄榄，也是在天然森林景观和观赏植物中发生的地方性物种。我们将X. Fastidiosa亚种的全基因组序列与南欧最近爆发有关的美国和肿块进行了比较，推断出两大大陆之间和之间的可能起源和道路。系统发育分析表明X. Fastidiosa亚种多重介绍了意大利，西班牙和法国的X. Fastidiosa亚种，其中大部分是来自美国加利福尼亚州的有限遗传多样性的遗传多样性的人。在X. fastidiosa亚种中观察到的有限遗传多样性源自加利福尼亚州的多重菌株可能是由于思工本身是从美国东南部的X. Fastidiosa亚种多路复用群体引入的。尽管在欧洲的某些地区发现了遗传多样性，但在欧洲的X. Fastidioiosa菌株中没有明确存在重组的证据。序列型分类基于多层序列键入（MLST），至少在一个情况下，不导致该病原体的单胞流水切片;在解决比MLST数据的介绍历史上，全基因组序列数据更有信息。虽然需要额外的数据来仔细梳理这些最近分散事件的路径，但我们的结果表明，在开发X. Fastidiosa爆发的管理策略时，应考虑全基因组序列数据.Importance Xylella Fastidiosa是一种经济上重要的植物致病性细菌这已成为与欧洲的橄榄树中的橄榄树毁灭性流行病有关的全球重要性的病原体，例如欧洲的其他爆发，如X. Fastidiosa亚种FastIdiosa和X. Fastidiosa亚种在西班牙和X. Fastidiosa亚种在法国多路复用。我们提出了多次介绍的X. Fastidiosa亚种多路复用，可能来自美国，进入西班牙，意大利和法国。这些介绍说明了与全球规模的植物材料商业贸易相关的风险，并且需要制定有效的政策，以限制病原体污染到天真地区的可能性。我们的研究表明需要利用全基因组序列数据来研究爆发阶段的Fastidiosa介绍，因为有限数量的遗传标记不提供足够的系统发育决议以确定生物和检疫相关性的菌株之间的分散路径或关系。

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