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首页> 外文期刊>Applied Microbiology >Fungal Evolution in Anthropogenic Environments: Botrytis cinerea Populations Infecting Small Fruit Hosts in the Pacific Northwest Rapidly Adapt to Human-Induced Selection Pressures
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Fungal Evolution in Anthropogenic Environments: Botrytis cinerea Populations Infecting Small Fruit Hosts in the Pacific Northwest Rapidly Adapt to Human-Induced Selection Pressures

机译：人类学环境中的真菌演变：Botrytis cinerea种群感染太平洋西北地区的小水果主持人迅速适应人类诱导的选择压力

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Many fungal pathogens have short generation times, large population sizes, and mixed reproductive systems, providing high potential to adapt to heterogeneous environments of agroecosystems. Such adaptation complicates disease management and threatens food production. A better understanding of pathogen population biology in such environments is important to reveal key aspects of adaptive divergence processes to allow improved disease management. Here, we studied how evolutionary forces shape population structure of Botrytis cinerea , the causal agent of gray mold, in the Pacific Northwest agroecosystems. Populations of B. cinerea from adjacent fields of small fruit hosts were characterized by combining neutral markers (microsatellites) with markers that directly respond to human-induced selection pressures (fungicide resistance). Populations were diverse, without evidence for recombination and association of pathogen genotype with host. Populations were highly localized with limited migration even among adjacent fields within a farm. A fungicide resistance marker revealed strong selection on population structure due to fungicide use. We found no association of resistance allele with genetic background, suggesting de novo development of fungicide resistance and frequent extinction/recolonization events by different genotypes rather than the spread of resistance alleles among fields via migration of a dominant genotype. Overall our results showed that in agroecosystems, B. cinerea populations respond strongly to selection by fungicide use with greater effect on population structure compared to adaptation to host plant species. This knowledge will be used to improve disease management by developing strategies that limit pathogen local adaptation to fungicides and other human-induced selection pressures present in Pacific Northwest agroecosystems and elsewhere.IMPORTANCE Agroecosystems represent an efficient model for studying fungal adaptation and evolution in anthropogenic environments. In this work, we studied what evolutionary forces shape populations of one of the most important fungal plant pathogens, B. cinerea , in small fruit agroecosystems of the Pacific Northwest. We hypothesized that host, geographic, and anthropogenic factors of agroecosystems structure B. cinerea populations. By combining neutral markers with markers that directly respond to human-induced selection pressures, we show that pathogen populations are highly localized and that selection pressure caused by fungicide use can have a greater effect on population structure than adaptation to host. Our results give a better understanding of population biology and evolution of this important plant pathogen in heterogeneous environments but also provide a practical framework for the development of efficient management strategies by limiting pathogen adaptation to fungicides and other human-induced selection pressures present in agroecosystems of the Pacific Northwest and elsewhere.
机译：许多真菌病原体具有短发电时间，大群尺寸和混合生殖系统，提供了适应农产品系统的异构环境的高潜力。这种适应使疾病管理复杂化并威胁食品生产。更好地理解这种环境中病原体种群生物学对于揭示适应性发散过程的关键方面是允许改善疾病管理的关键方面。在这里，我们研究了在太平洋西北农业科学系统中植物血清菌，灰霉素的因果子的进化群体结构。来自邻近水果宿主的邻近果实的B. cinerea的种群通过与直接响应人诱导的选择压力（杀真菌剂）的标记组合中性标记（微卫星）。种群是多种多样的，没有患者与宿主的重组和关联的证据。群体高度本地化，即使在农场内的相邻领域也是有限的迁移。杀菌剂抗性标志物揭示了由于杀真菌剂的群体结构的强烈选择。我们没有发现抗性等位基因与遗传背景，表明通过不同基因型的杀菌剂抗性和频繁消光/重组事件的抗性等位基因，而不是通过迁移显性基因型来迁移域之间的抗性等位基因的传播。背景之利，我们的结果表明，在农业系统中，B. Cinerea种群在与宿主植物种类的适应相比，杀菌剂对群体结构的效果强烈反应。这种知识将用于通过开发将病原体局部适应与太平洋西北农产物系统中的杀菌剂和其他人类诱导的选择压力限制在杀菌剂和其他地方存在的其他人诱导的选择压力中来改善疾病管理。分析农产品系统代表了研究人为环境中真菌适应和演变的有效模型。在这项工作中，我们研究了哪种进化势力在太平洋西北部的小型果实农业系统中的最重要的真菌植物病原体B. ineerea之一。我们假设农产品结构B. Cinerea种群的宿主，地理和人为因素。通过将中性标记与直接响应人诱导的选择压力的标记组合，我们表明病原体群体是高度本地化的，并且由杀菌剂使用引起的选择压力可以对群体结构具有更大的影响，而不是对宿主的适应性。我们的结果更好地了解异构环境中这一重要植物病原体的人口生物学和演化，而且还通过限制病原体适应对杀菌剂和其他人类诱导的选择压力存在于杀菌剂中的杀菌剂和其他人类诱导的选择压力来提供有效的管理策略的实用框架太平洋西北和其他地方。

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