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Encapsulation and Delivery of Therapeutic Phages

机译：封装和递送治疗噬菌体

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Delivery of therapeutic compounds to the site of action is crucial. While many chemical substances such as beta-lactam antibiotics can reach therapeutic levels in most parts throughout the human body after administration, substances of higher molecular weight such as therapeutic proteins may not be able to reach the site of action (e.g., an infection) and are therefore ineffective. In the case of therapeutic phages, i.e., viruses that infect microbes, to treat bacterial infections, this problem is exacerbated; not only are phages unable to penetrate tissues, but phage particles can be cleared by the immune system, and phage proteins are rapidly degraded by enzymes or inactivated by the low pH in the stomach. Yet, the use of therapeutic phages is a highly promising strategy, in particular for infections caused by bacteria that exhibit multidrug resistance. Clinicians increasingly encounter situations where no treatment options remain available for such infections where antibiotic compounds are ineffective. While the number of drug-resistant pathogens continues to rise due to the overuse and misuse of antibiotics, no new compounds are becoming available, as many pharmaceutical companies discontinue their search for chemical antimicrobials. In recent years, phage therapy has undergone massive innovation for the treatment of infections caused by pathogens resistant to conventional antibiotics. While most therapeutic applications of phages are well described in the literature, other aspects of phage therapy are less well-documented. In this review, we focus on the issues that are critical for phage therapy to become a reliable standard therapy and describe methods for efficient and targeted delivery of phages, including their encapsulation.
机译：将治疗化合物递送至作用部位至关重要。虽然许多化学物质如β-内酰胺抗生素在给药后在整个人体中大多数术中可以达到治疗水平，但诸如治疗性蛋白质如治疗性蛋白质的物质可能无法到达动作（例如感染）和因此无效。在治疗噬菌体的情况下，即感染微生物的病毒，治疗细菌感染，这种问题会加剧;噬菌体不仅是无法穿透组织的噬菌体，而且可以通过免疫系统清除噬菌体颗粒，并且噬菌体蛋白质通过酶迅速降解或通过胃中的低pH灭活。然而，使用治疗噬菌体是一种高度有前景的策略，特别是对于具有含有多药抗性的细菌引起的感染。临床医生越来越多地遇到任何治疗选择对于抗生素化合物无效的感染仍然没有治疗选择。虽然由于过度使用和滥用抗生素的抗药性病原体的数量继续上升，但由于许多制药公司停止搜索化学抗菌药物，因此没有新的化合物持续增加。近年来，噬菌体疗法经历了巨大的创新，用于治疗耐常规抗生素的病原体引起的感染。虽然在文献中噬菌体的大多数治疗性噬菌体均良好描述，但噬菌体疗法的其他方面不太清楚。在本综述中，我们专注于对噬菌体疗法至关重要的问题，成为可靠的标准治疗，并描述了有效和有针对性的噬菌体递送的方法，包括它们的封装。

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